Nutrition as a Conditioning Factor in the Rheumatic State

Coburn, Alvin F.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010170066008

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…underprivileged children with dried chicken egg yolk prevented recurrences of rheumatic fever, despite continued streptococcal infections (Coburn and Moore, 1943). In a continuation of this research, it was demonstrated that lipid fractions purified from egg yolk (Coburn et al, 1954;Long and Martin, 1956), as well as peanut oil and soybean lecithin (Long and Miles, 1950), exerted anti-allergic effects in the guinea pig (see Fig.…”

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confidence: 87%

The search for the palmitoylethanolamide receptor

et al. 2005

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Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), the naturally occurring amide of ethanolamine and palmitic acid, is an endogenous lipid that modulates pain and inflammation. Although the anti-inflammatory effects of PEA were first characterized nearly 50 years ago, the identity of the receptor mediating these actions has long remained elusive. We recently identified the ligand-activated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-a), as the receptor mediating the anti-inflammatory actions of this lipid amide. Here we outline the history of PEA, starting with its initial discovery in the 1950s, and discuss the pharmacological properties of this compound, particularly in regards to its ability to activate PPAR-a. Discovery of PEAThe discovery of naturally occurring fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) (Fig. 1) stems from an interesting clinical finding in the early 1940s, when investigators noted that supplementing the diets of 0024-3205/$ -see front matter D

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confidence: 87%

The search for the palmitoylethanolamide receptor

et al. 2005

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“…PEA is produced through an on-demand synthesis within the lipid bilayer where N-phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) releases it from its membrane precursor, N-palmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine [140]. The potential benefit of FAEs first came to the light in 1943 when Coburn & Moore [141] reported on the antipyretic properties of dried chicken egg yolk in children with rheumatic fever. A decade later, this same group identified the lipid fraction from egg yolk as the component responsible for this effect [142], with PEA being the active component [143].…”

Section: Microglia and Mast Cells As Therapeutic Targetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mast cell–glia axis in neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of the anandamide congener palmitoylethanolamide

Skaper

Facci

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

101

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Communication between the immune and nervous systems depends a great deal on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both astroglia and microglia, in particular, constitute an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in central nervous system (CNS) disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Glial cells respond also to pro-inflammatory signals released from cells of immune origin. In this context, mast cells are of particular relevance. These immune-related cells, while resident in the CNS, are able to cross a compromised bloodspinal cord and blood-brain barrier in cases of CNS pathology. Emerging evidence suggests the possibility of mast cell-glia communication, and opens exciting new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating the activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization-both peripherally and centrally. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of glia, neuro-immune interactions involving mast cells and the possibility that glia-mast cell interactions contribute to exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerated disease progression, as well as promotion of pain transmission pathways. Using this background as a starting point for discussion, we will consider the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring fatty acid ethanolamides, such as palmitoylethanolamide in treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signalling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.

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“…The history of PEA as a natural food ingredient with medicinal properties has been described by Masek and Raskova (1967). The initial observation was in 1943 by Coburn et al (1943), as part of an epidemiological study focused on childhood rheumatic fever, the incidence of which was higher in those children consuming diets low in eggs. These investigators noted that occurrence was reduced in children fed egg yolk powder, and subsequently they demonstrated antianaphylactic properties in guinea pig with a lipid extract from egg yolk (Coburn et al 1954).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of micronized palmitoylethanolamide (microPEA): lack of toxicity and genotoxic potential

Nestmann¹

2016

Food Science & Nutrition

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Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a natural fatty acid amide found in a variety of foods, which was initially identified in egg yolk. MicroPEA of defined particle size (0.5–10 μm) was evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium, for clastogenicity/aneuploidy in cultured human lymphocytes, and for acute and subchronic rodent toxicity in the rat, following standard OECD test protocols, in accordance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). PEA did not induce mutations in the bacterial assay using strains TA1535, TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102, with or without metabolic activation, in either the plate incorporation or liquid preincubation methods. Similarly, PEA did not induce genotoxic effects in human cells treated for 3 or 24 h without metabolic activation, or for 3 h with metabolic activation. PEA was found to have an LD50 greater than the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw), using the OECD Acute Oral Up and Down Procedure. Doses for the 90‐day rat oral toxicity study were based on results from the preliminary 14‐day study, that is, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The No Effect Level (NOEL) in both subchronic studies was the highest dose tested.

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Nutrition as a Conditioning Factor in the Rheumatic State

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

The search for the palmitoylethanolamide receptor

The search for the palmitoylethanolamide receptor

Mast cell–glia axis in neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of the anandamide congener palmitoylethanolamide

Safety of micronized palmitoylethanolamide (microPEA): lack of toxicity and genotoxic potential

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