Nutrition, IBD and Gut Microbiota: A Review

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing–remitting systemic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by an inflammatory process that requires lifelong treatment. The underlying causes of IBD are still unclear, as this heterogeneous disorder results from a complex interplay between genetic variability, the host immune system and environmental factors. The current knowledge recognizes diet as a risk factor for the development of IBD and attributes a substantial pathogenic role to the intestinal dysbiosis inducing an aberrant mucosal immune response in genetically predisposed individuals. This review focused on the clinical evidence available that considers the impact of some nutrients on IBD onset and the role of different diets in the management of IBD and their effects on the gut microbiota composition. The effects of the Specific Carbohydrate Diet, low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet, gluten free diet, anti-inflammatory diet and Mediterranean diet are investigated with regard to their impact on microbiota and on the evolution of the disease. At present, no clear indications toward a specific diet are available but the assessment of dysbiosis prior to the recommendation of a specific diet should become a standard clinical approach in order to achieve a personalized therapy.

Prevention and Alleviation of Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice With Bacillus subtilis-Fermented Milk via Inhibition of the Inflammatory Responses and Regulation of the Intestinal Flora

“…The inflammatory injury in the intestine was reported to be related with the imbalance of the intestinal flora and reduction of the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota ( Cabré and A Gassull, 2007 ; Hernández-Chirlaque et al, 2016 ). As reported by Sjöberg et al (2017 ; Mentella et al, 2020 ) pyrosequencing revealed that the gut microbiota of patients with ulcerative colitis contained fewer operational taxonomic units (OTU) per individual than the controls, and this reduction in richness of the gut microbiota was observed in Firmicutes , Actinobacteria , Collinsella , Lactobacillus , and Bacillus . In this research, oral intake of the B. subtilis -fermented milk increased the species diversity of the normal intestinal microbiota.…”

“…However, the aforementioned therapies have side effects and limitations of various degrees. In comparison with traditional therapy and monotherapy, probiotic/dietary therapy, and combinations of some therapeutic approaches might possess better patient acceptability and therapeutic effect in the prevention and curation of IBD ( D’Haens et al, 2014 ; Durchschein et al, 2016 ; Jadhav et al, 2020 ; Mentella et al, 2020 ; Targownik et al, 2020 ).…”

Prevention and Curation of DSS-induced IBD in Mice With Bacillus Subtilis Fermented Milk via Inhibition of the Inflammatory Responses and Regulation of the Intestinal Flora

“…The in ammatory injury in the intestine was reported to be related with the imbalance of the intestinal ora and reduction of the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota. 76,77 As reported by Sjöberg et al, 10 pyrosequencing revealed that the gut microbiota of patients with ulcerative colitis contained fewer Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) per individual than the controls, and this reduction in richness of the gut microbiota was observed in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Collinsella, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus. In this research, oral intake of the B. subtilis fermented milk increased the species diversity of the normal intestinal microbiota.…”

“…In comparison with the traditional therapy and monotherapy, probiotic/dietary therapy and combinations of some therapeutic approaches might possess better patient acceptability and therapeutic effect in the prevention and curation of IBD. [6][7][8][9][10] Recent reports revealed that the alteration of gut microbiota was associated with IBD, including the change of relative abundance and the decreased diversity of the microbiota. This reduction in richness of the microbiota was seen for Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, Collinsella, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus.…”

A Review of the Role of Gut microbiome in Obesity

“…Gut microbiota involves in food digestion [3], development of the immune system, host metabolism , and functions in mucosal barrier [4], benefiting mutually with the host. The disorder of gut microbiota can trigger many chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease [5], type 2 diabetes [6]. And obesity is no exception to this rule.…”