Nutrition of infants and young children (one to three years) and its effect on later health: A systematic review of current recommendations (EarlyNutrition project)

Zalewski, B.; Patro, Bernadeta; Veldhorst, Margriet A. B.; Kouwenhoven, Stefanie M. P.; Escobar, Paula Crespo; Calvo-Lerma, Joaquim; Koletzko, Berthold; Goudoever, Johannes B. van; Szajewska, Hania

doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.888701

Cited by 54 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Such interventions should be initiated early in pregnancy and continue throughout the pregnancy, as major short-and long-term health consequences for both the mother and the child are likely. • Develop and implement national diabetes plans as well as regional strategies promoting local partnerships with communities and stakeholders [38] • Governments should support the implementation of interdisciplinary care teams, with special regard to the involvement of pharmacists [39] • Improve the transparency of product ingredients using mandatory simple and intuitive nutrition or menu labelling [40] • Set up government food benefit programmes to incentivise the purchase of fruit and vegetables [41] • Support the certification of digital devices and apps to improve access to evidencebased health information [42] • Use narrative and visual messages to improve diabetes awareness [43] • Support interpretative nutrition labelling, like traffic lights, to decrease SSB sales [41] • Strengthen the framing of diabetes as a problem to be tackled on the societal level [44] • Raise taxes on unhealthy products (and consider the liability for adverse health effects of food and beverage products) and reinvest the money in local infrastructure (outdoor gyms and playgrounds) [45] Pregnant women and young families • Screen high-risk groups (elevated risk due to family history, increased BMI) for early detection of GDM [46] as a precondition for lifestyle change • Give advice regarding healthy eating and set activity targets during pregnancy [47,48] • Give advice regarding the benefits of breastfeeding [49] • Employ multimedia communication strategies to increase the widespread knowledge of diabetes risk during pregnancy [50,51] Children and adolescents…”

Section: Pregnant Women and Young Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What should governments be doing to prevent diabetes throughout the life course?

et al. 2019

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Health systems and governments are increasingly required to implement measures that target at-risk populations to prevent noncommunicable diseases. In this review we lay out what governments should be doing to prevent diabetes throughout the life course. The following four target groups were used to structure the specific recommendations: (1) pregnant women and young families, (2) children and adolescents, (3) working age population, and (4) the elderly. The evidence to date supports the effectiveness of some known government policy measures, such as sugar taxes and regulatory measures in the (pre-)school setting for children and adolescents. Many of these appear to be more effective if they are part of a bundle of strategies and if they are supplemented by communication strategies. Although there is a current focus on strategies that target the individual, governments can make use of evidence-based population-level prevention strategies. More research and continuous evaluation of the overall and subgroup-specific effectiveness of policy strategies using high-quality longitudinal studies are needed.

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Section: Pregnant Women and Young Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

What should governments be doing to prevent diabetes throughout the life course?

et al. 2019

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“…The RDP discussed and prioritised the questions, which was then supported by the assembly of all project partners. Systematic reviews were performed on published dietary guidelines, standards and recommendations during pregnancy (in preparation), in lactation [10] and in children up to the age of 3 years [11], with special attention to recommendations addressing long-term health consequences. In addition, systematic reviews of published data were performed on the impact of paternal and maternal body mass index (BMI) on offspring obesity risk [12], on effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions in pregnant women with a normal BMI [13] and on effects of protein concentration in infant formula on growth and later obesity risk [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition During Pregnancy, Lactation and Early Childhood and its Implications for Maternal and Long-Term Child Health: The Early Nutrition Project Recommendations

et al. 2019

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Background: A considerable body of evidence accumulated especially during the last decade, demonstrating that early nutrition and lifestyle have long-term effects on later health and disease (“developmental or metabolic programming”). Methods: Researchers involved in the European Union funded international EarlyNutrition research project consolidated the scientific evidence base and existing recommendations to formulate consensus recommendations on nutrition and lifestyle before and during pregnancy, during infancy and early childhood that take long-term health impact into account. Systematic reviews were performed on published dietary guidelines, standards and recommendations, with special attention to long-term health consequences. In addition, systematic reviews of published systematic reviews on nutritional interventions or exposures in pregnancy and in infants and young children aged up to 3 years that describe effects on subsequent overweight, obesity and body composition were performed. Experts developed consensus recommendations incorporating the wide-ranging expertise from additional 33 stakeholders. Findings: Most current recommendations for pregnant women, particularly obese women, and for young children do not take long-term health consequences of early nutrition into account, although the available evidence for relevant consequences of lifestyle, diet and growth patterns in early life on later health and disease risk is strong. Interpretation: We present updated recommendations for optimized nutrition before and during pregnancy, during lactation, infancy and toddlerhood, with special reference to later health outcomes. These recommendations are developed for affluent populations, such as women and children in Europe, and should contribute to the primary prevention of obesity and associated non-communicable diseases.

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“…Accumulating evidence (21) shows that dietary factors, including lipids, in developmental periods such as fetal life, infancy, and early childhood, are associated with obesity risk later in life. In line with this, it has been shown that early overnutrition leads to persistent dysregulation in leptin and insulin sensitivity (22), along with enhanced inflammatory response (23).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Low-Fat Diet Enriched With Linolenic Acid Reduces Liver Endocannabinoid Tone and Improves Late Glycemic Control After a High-Fat Diet Challenge in Mice

Demizieux

Piscitelli²,

Troy-Fioramonti

et al. 2016

Diabetes

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Evidence suggests that alterations of glucose and lipid homeostasis induced by obesity are associated with the elevation of endocannabinoid tone. The biosynthesis of the two main endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, which derive from arachidonic acid, is influenced by dietary fatty acids (FAs). We investigated whether exposure to n-3 FA at a young age may decrease tissue endocannabinoid levels and prevent metabolic disorders induced by a later high-fat diet (HFD) challenge. Three-week-old mice received a 5% lipid diet containing lard, lard plus safflower oil, or lard plus linseed oil for 10 weeks. Then, mice were challenged with a 30% lard diet for 10 additional weeks. A low n-6/n-3 FA ratio in the early diet induces a marked decrease in liver endocannabinoid levels. A similar reduction was observed in transgenic Fat-1 mice, which exhibit high tissue levels of n-3 FA compared with wild-type mice. Hepatic expression of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was concomitantly changed. Interestingly, some gene modifications persisted after HFD challenge and were associated with improved glycemic control. These findings indicate that early dietary interventions based on n-3 FA may represent an alternative strategy to drugs for reducing endocannabinoid tone and improving metabolic parameters in the metabolic syndrome.The endocannabinoid (EC) system (ECS) is known to play a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Regulation by this system takes place at the central level by changing food intake (1), and at the peripheral level by the modification of energy metabolism (2). An overactive ECS plays a crucial role in obesity by increasing food intake (3) and lipogenesis (4), by downregulating catabolic reactions (5,6), and by promoting fat accumulation and alteration of glucose homeostasis. As a consequence, treating obesity by decreasing ECS activity has been considered. A pharmacological approach was developed, leading to the commercialization of an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) rimonabant. However, this drug was withdrawn from the market because of its undesired central nervous system side effects (7). Meanwhile, the downregulation of ECS tone in peripheral tissues involved in energy homeostasis, either with non-brain-penetrant CB1R blockers, or inhibitors of the biosynthesis of endogenous CB1R agonists, is still considered to be a potential approach to counter the adverse events observed in obesity (8).The ECS is defined as a set of endogenous ligands (ECs), synthesized and degraded by specific enzymes and receptors that are able to bind these molecules. It includes two membrane receptors, CB1R and CB2R, and two main endogenous agonists, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA [or anandamide]) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG). AEA is typically synthesized by the enzyme N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), although alternative pathways

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Nutrition of infants and young children (one to three years) and its effect on later health: A systematic review of current recommendations (EarlyNutrition project)

Abstract: Our findings may serve as a helpful tool in planning further research, preventive actions against important diet-related diseases, and guidelines improvement.

Cited by 54 publications

References 26 publications

What should governments be doing to prevent diabetes throughout the life course?

What should governments be doing to prevent diabetes throughout the life course?

Nutrition During Pregnancy, Lactation and Early Childhood and its Implications for Maternal and Long-Term Child Health: The Early Nutrition Project Recommendations

Early Low-Fat Diet Enriched With Linolenic Acid Reduces Liver Endocannabinoid Tone and Improves Late Glycemic Control After a High-Fat Diet Challenge in Mice

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