Nutrition status of children in Latin America

Corvalán, Camila; Garmendia, María Luisa; Jones-Smith, Jessica C.; Lutter, Chessa; Miranda, J. Jaime; Pedraza, Lilia S; Popkin, Barry M.; Ramírez‐Zea, Manuel; Salvo, Deborah; Stein, Aryeh D.

doi:10.1111/obr.12571

Cited by 193 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Studies in Brazil show lower levels of overweight and obesity in the 20th century but rapid increases more recently . The rapid increases in the past two decades in Brazil and Mexico echo the changes we find in smaller studies in other countries, like Chile . Our focus is on a broader regional pattern rather than these large country studies.…”

Section: Methodology: Data and Methods Usedmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…In the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), extensive child and adult obesity, poor diets and inadequate physical activity are causing high levels of diabetes, hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). At the same time, large proportions of the children in many nations in the region are malnourished and stunted from poor feeding during the first 1,000 d of their lives (6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obesity and the food system transformation inLatin America

2018

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Summary The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region faces a major diet-related health problem accompanied by enormous economic and social costs. The shifts in diet are profound: major shifts in intake of less-healthful low-nutrient-density foods and sugary beverages, changes in away-from-home eating and snacking and rapid shifts towards very high levels of overweight and obesity among all ages along with, in some countries, high burdens of stunting. Diet changes have occurred in parallel to, and in two-way causality with, changes in the broad food system – the set of supply chains from farms, through midstream segments of processing, wholesale and logistics, to downstream segments of retail and food service (restaurants and fast food chains). An essential contribution of this piece is to marry and integrate the nutrition transition literature with the literature on the economics of food system transformation. These two literatures and debates have been to date largely ‘two ships passing in the night’. This review documents in-depth the recent history of rapid growth and transformation of that broad food system in LAC, with the rapid rise of supermarkets, large processors, fast food chains and food logistics firms. The transformation is the story of a ‘double-edged sword’, showing its links to various negative diet side trends, e.g. the rise of consumption of fast food and highly processed food, as well as in parallel, to various positive trends, e.g. the reduction of the cost of food, de-seasonalization, increase of convenience of food preparation reducing women’s time associated with that and increase of availability of some nutritious foods like meat and dairy. We view the transformation of the food system, as well as certain aspects of diet change linked to long-run changes in employment and demographics (e.g. the quest for convenience), as broad parameters that will endure for the next decades without truly major regulatory and fiscal changes. We then focus in on what are the steps that are being and can be taken to curb the negative effects on diet of these changes. We show that countries in LAC are already among the global leaders in initiating demand-related solutions via taxation and marketing controls. But we also show that this is only a small step forward. To shift LAC’s food supply towards prices that incentivize consumption of healthier diets and demand away from the less healthy component is not simple and will not happen immediately. We must be cognizant that ultimately, food industry firms must be incentivized to market the components of healthy diets. This will primarily need to be via selective taxes and subsidies, marketing controls, as well as food quality regulations, consumer education and, in the medium term, consumers’ desires to combine healthier foods with their ongoing quest for convenience in the face of busy lives. In the end, the food industry in LAC will orient itself towards profitable solutions, ie those demanded by the broad mass of consumers.

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Section: Methodology: Data and Methods Usedmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and the food system transformation inLatin America

2018

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“…One study in Brazilian patients with a first episode of psychosis described a prevalence of 19.5% (Benseñor et al, 2012). Over the last few decades Latin American countries have underwent an epidemiological transition in terms of nutrition (PAHO, 2012) with a rapid dietary change rich in energy, fat and proteins (Corvalán et al, 2017). More than 20% of Latin American children and adolescent are overweight or obese (Rivera et al, 2014).…”

Section: Where Do We Stand Compared To Other Countries?mentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence of metabolic alterations in Latin American patients at initial stages of psychosis

Iruretagoyena

Castañeda²,

Undurraga

et al. 2019

Early Intervention Psych

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Aim Studies conducted in the United States have highlighted a higher prevalence of metabolic alterations (MA) in Latino population and Latino psychotic patients. Metabolic risk in psychosis is known to be present from initial stages of the disease. To better characterize this population, we explored the prevalence of MA and metabolic syndrome (MS) in early psychosis patients in a Latin American country. Methods Transversal, observational study comparing the prevalence of MA and MS in patients with early psychosis from an outpatient program in Chile (n = 148) with a community representative sample from the 2009‐2010 National Health Survey (n = 568). ANOVA and regression analysis were performed obtaining odds ratio for MA and MS. Results The prevalence of MS was 44.7% in patients compared to 11.4% in the community sample (odds ratio [OR] 5.28, confidence interval [CI] 95% 3.07‐9.08; P‐value <0.001). There was no effect of gender. Subgroup analyses showed no significant association of MS with clozapine/olanzapine use, treatment duration or tobacco use. There was an association between treatment duration and hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.024; OR 1.02, CI 95% 1.00‐1.04) and obesity (P = 0.007; OR 5.93, CI 95% 1.82‐20.22). Clozapine/olanzapine use was associated with hyperglycaemia (P = 0.007; OR 6.04, CI 95% 1.63‐22.38) and high low density lipoprotein (P = 0.033 ANOVA; OR 5.28, CI 95% 1.14‐24.37). Conclusion Latino psychotic patients have a high risk of MA and MS at initial stages of the disease which is not entirely explained by the higher risk in the whole Latino population, is irrespective of gender, and does not seem to be entirely a response to atypical antipsychotic use.

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“…representing an emerging epidemic [17, 18]. This holds for Latin America, where obesity and overweight among children is of particular concern [19, 20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overweight, obesity, and food consumption in Galapagos, Ecuador: a window on the world

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn order to understand why rates of overweight and obesity are so high in the Ecuadorian province of Galapagos, this study analyzes changes in household food expenditures and perceptions and practices related to food consumption patterns. Galapagos is understood as an unusual but not unique case because conditions there graphically illustrate trends observed in communities and countries worldwide. A mixed methods approach was employed: a quantitative component was based on expenditures for foods classified according to the NOVA system, and a qualitative component utilized focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and structured observations.ResultsGalapagos residents increased consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods and decreased consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods. Perceived barriers to healthy diets include price, availability, and quality of fresh produce, as well as easy access to industrialized processed and ultra-processed foods.ConclusionsChanges in consumption patterns represent both local conditions and global trends; in that sense, the factors that affect Galapagos residents are not unique. Hence, these findings help elucidate processes observed in communities around the world.

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Nutrition status of children in Latin America

Cited by 193 publications

References 131 publications

Obesity and the food system transformation inLatin America

Obesity and the food system transformation inLatin America

High prevalence of metabolic alterations in Latin American patients at initial stages of psychosis

Overweight, obesity, and food consumption in Galapagos, Ecuador: a window on the world

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