Nutritional and Nutraceutical Composition of Pansies (Viola × wittrockiana) During Flowering

Abstract

Edible flowers consumption and use are an increasing food trend worldwide, although information concerning their nutritional composition and nutraceutical value is still scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to contribute to the popularization of pansies (Viola × wittrockiana), through the analysis of the nutritional and nutraceutical features of pansies with different colors (white, yellow, and red) and flowering stages. Both flower type and flowering stage influenced the flower composition. When completely open, white and yellow pansies had the highest contents of protein (>2.00 g/100 g fresh weight), while red pansies had the highest content of carbohydrates (8.0 g/100 g fresh weight). Regarding the fatty acid profiles, linoleic acid was always predominant (ranging between 18.7 and 51.0 g/100 g fatty acids), followed by the palmitic and linolenic acids. During flowering, there was an increase in protein, fat, and linolenic acid contents in white and yellow pansies, whereas in red pansies the values did not change. Red pansies were characterized by the highest contents of total carotenoids (873 to 1300 µg β‐carotene/g dry weight) and monomeric anthocyanins (303 to 402 µg Cy‐3 glu/g dry weight); however, white and yellow pansies showed an increase in the values of total reducing capacity (total phenols), hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity from the bud to completely open flower stage. Our results underline the nutritional differences between pansies with different colors at distinct stages of development and their potential health benefits, suggesting that they can be used as ingredient to improve the nutritional properties of foods. Practical application The market of edible flowers is increasing, although little information in nutritional view is available. So, the present study was conducted to contribute to the popularization of edible flowers as a new and prospective source for the food industry, as well as a promising product for human nutrition. The results of the present study underline the nutritional differences between pansies with different colors at distinct stages of development and their potential health benefits, suggesting that they can be used as ingredient to improve the nutritional properties of foods.

Viola cornuta and Viola x wittrockiana: Phenolic compounds, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities on Caenorhabditis elegans

“…Similar DPPH inhibition was found by González-Barrio et al in a V. x wittrockiana flower extract obtained by maceration (71.20%) [ 5 ]. Besides, our results seem to be better to the data obtained for V. x wittrockiana carried out by Fernandes et al [ 23 , 24 ].…”

A Review of Sustainable Use of Biogenic Nanoscale Agro-Materials to Enhance Stress Tolerance and Nutritional Value of Plants

“…They are also used in drinks (wine and beer), desserts, jellies, and spices [ 92 ]. Usually, some plants are known for the flavoring or nutritional potential of their fruits or leaves, while some flowers are also edible and rarely used in cooking, such as passion fruit, chive, and pumpkin [ 93 ]. Although the use of edible flowers is still in its infancy, flowers are a natural source of bioactive chemicals [ 94 ].…”

Nutritional and functional compounds in dahlia flowers and roots

“…The energy value observed in the flowers (19.02 ± 3.07 kcal 100 g -1 ) and in the roots (55.30 ± 2.49 kcal 100 g -1) , both on a fresh basis (Table 1), confirms the low-calorie content of this species, including when compared to other species whose flowers and roots are consumed. Pansy flowers (Viola × wittrockiana) showed energy values between 31 and 52 kcal 100 g -1 (Fernandes et al, 2019), Nasturtium flowers showed values between 34.32 kcal 100 g -1 and 72.79 kcal 100 g -1 (Lima Franzen et al, 2016). The caloric value of roots of dahlia was between that of clones of Leren (Calathea allouia (Aubl.)…”