Nutritional Characteristics of Middle-Aged Japanese Vegetarians

Nakamoto, Keiko; Watanabe, Sachiko; Kudo, Hideki; Tanaka, Akira

doi:10.5551/jat.e546

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our findings that a greater proportion of vegetarians consumed both macro- and micro- nutrients at RDA levels compared to non-vegetarians (except for vitamin B12) and less total energy is similar to the other studies outside India [34,52-54]. In part, this may be due to higher socio-economic levels of vegetarians in our population which is similar to results from the National Family Health Survey-3 (NFHS-3, India), in which a greater proportion of vegetarians were in the highest wealth quintile compared to non-vegetarians (32.5% vs. 19.8%, p < 0.0001) [19].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS)

Shridhar

Dhillon

Bowen

et al. 2014

Nutr J

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BackgroundThe cardiovascular and other health benefits and potential harms of protein and micronutrient deficiency of vegetarian diets continue to be debated.MethodsStudy participants included urban migrants, their rural siblings and urban residents (n = 6555, mean age - 40.9 yrs) of the Indian Migration Study from Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Information on diet (validated interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire), tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, medical histories, as well as blood pressure, fasting blood and anthropometric measurements were collected. Nutrient databases were used to calculate nutrient content of regional recipes. Vegetarians ate no eggs, fish, poultry and meat. Using multivariate linear regression with robust standard error model, we compared the macro- and micro-nutrient profile of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets.ResultsVegetarians, (32.8% of the population), consumed greater amounts of legumes, vegetables, roots and tubers, dairy and sugar, while non-vegetarians had a greater intake of cereals, fruits, spices, salt (p < 0.01), fats and oils. Vegetarians had a higher socioeconomic status, and were less likely to smoke, drink alcohol (p < 0.0001) and engage in less physical activity (p = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, vegetarians consumed more carbohydrates (β = 7.0 g/day (95% CI: 9.9 to 4.0), p < 0.0001), vitamin C (β = 8.7 mg/day (95% CI: 4.3 to13.0), p < 0.0001) and folate (β = 8.0 mcg/day (95% CI: 3.3 to 12.7), p = 0.001) and lower levels of fat (β = −1.6 g/day (95% CI: −0.62 to −2.7), p = 0.002), protein (β = −6.4 g/day (95% CI: −5.8 to −7.0), p < 0.0001), vitamin B12 (β = −1.4 mcg/day (95% CI: −1.2 to −1.5), p < 0.0001) and zinc (β = −0.6 mg/day (95% CI: −0.4 to −0.7), p < 0.0001).ConclusionOverall, Indian vegetarian diets were found to be adequate to sustain nutritional demands according to recommended dietary allowances with less fat. Lower vitamin B12 bio-availability remains a concern and requires exploration of acceptable dietary sources for vegetarians.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS)

Shridhar

Dhillon

Bowen

et al. 2014

Nutr J

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“…Although a large number of studies on vegetarian [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] and vegan nutrition [20,21,36,37,38,39,40,41] have been published during the last years, only one small study has examined the effect of vegan diets on acid-base homeostasis [42]. Whereas the effect of diets on human acid-base status has significant implications on skeletal health [7,8,9,10,43,44], the primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate how vegan diets affect acid-base balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet-Dependent Net Endogenous Acid Load of Vegan Diets in Relation to Food Groups and Bone Health-Related Nutrients: Results from the German Vegan Study

Schmeißer

Waldmann²,

Koschizke

et al. 2011

Ann Nutr Metab

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Background/Aims:Dietary composition has been shown to affect acid-base homeostasis and bone health in humans. We investigated the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the estimated diet-dependent net acid load (net endogenous acid production, NEAP) in adult vegans and evaluated the relationships between NEAP, food groups and intake of bone health-related nutrients. Methods: The German Vegan Study (GVS) is a cross-sectional study. Data from healthy men (n = 67) and women (n = 87), aged 21–75 years, who fulfilled the study criteria (vegan diet for ≧1 year prior to study start; age ≧18 years, and no pregnancy/childbirth during the last 12 months) were included in the analysis. NEAP values were calculated from diet composition using two models: one based on the protein/potassium quotient and another taking into account an anthropometry-based loss of urinary organic anions. Results:Mean daily intakes of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and vitamin C were above, and vitamin D and calcium below Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). Regardless of the model used, the diet in the GVS was characterized by a nearly neutral NEAP. A strong correlation was observed between the NEAP values of the two models (r_s = 0.873, p < 0.001). Only the consumption of fruits decreased constantly across the increasing quartiles of NEAP. Conclusions: It can be hypothesized that vegan diets do not affect acid-base homeostasis. With respect to bone health, the significance of this finding needs further investigation.

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“…In the third study with 75 Japanese vegetarians and 50 age-and sex-matched non-vegetarian controls, using a 3-day diet record, middle-aged Japanese vegetarian men had significantly higher calcium, iron, and dietary fiber, and significantly lower vitamin B 12 , animal fat intake, cholesterol, and percentage of energy as animal protein than Japanese non-vegetarian men. Many of the vegetarian men and women in this study also had suboptimal intakes of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids [11].…”

Section: How Might Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Results In Lower Body Wmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Three are observational studies (two with children and young adults [24,25], a third with middle-age adults [11]). In one, 2,513 young men and women (age 15-23 years) were mailed a survey and a food-frequency questionnaire [24].…”

Section: How Might Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Results In Lower Body Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vegetarian Dietary Patterns as a Means to Achieve Reduction in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Risk Factors

Lanou

Svenson

2009

Curr Cardio Risk Rep

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Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are uncommon in people consuming vegetarian and vegan diets. Vegetarian and vegan dietary patterns tend to result in lower body weight and better nutritional profiles than conventional healthy eating patterns and have been shown to be an effective tool for management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk. The consistency of observed beneficial outcomes with vegetarian and vegan eating styles warrants the expansion of dietary guidelines for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and diabetes to include well-planned vegetarian dietary patterns as a viable alternative to conventional dietary treatments.

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Nutritional Characteristics of Middle-Aged Japanese Vegetarians

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS)

Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS)

Diet-Dependent Net Endogenous Acid Load of Vegan Diets in Relation to Food Groups and Bone Health-Related Nutrients: Results from the German Vegan Study

Vegetarian Dietary Patterns as a Means to Achieve Reduction in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Risk Factors

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