Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Constituents of Artificial Culture of Ophiocordyceps longissima (Ascomycetes)

Abstract

In this study, the compositions of Ophiocordyceps longissima mycelia, synnemata, and fruiting bodies were first analyzed in order to clarify its chemical basis for development as a health food or medicine. We found that the contents of crude protein, polysaccharides, and macroelements were highest in mycelia, whereas effective components, including mannitol, ergosterol, adenosine, inosine, Zn, and Se, were lowest in mycelia. Polysaccharide, mannitol, and ergosterol levels in synnemata (2.33, 4.54, and 0.66 g/100 g, respectively) were similar to those in fruiting bodies, but was significantly different from those of mycelia (4.79, 1.77, and 0.43 g/100 g). Trehalose content in fruiting bodies (2.15 g/100 g) was >4 times higher than that in synnemata (0.5 g/100 g). Adenosine content in fruiting bodies (0.024 g/100 g) was 3-4 times higher than that of synnemata, whereas inosine, cytosine, guanosine, and uridine (0.093, 0.145, 0.053, and 0.073 g/100 g) were highest in synnemata. Cu and Se were lower in mycelia (3.30 × 10⁻⁴ and 3.1 × 10⁻⁵ g/100 g) than in synnemata (1.85 × 10⁻³ and 7.2 × 10⁻⁵ g/100 g) and fruiting bodies (1.67 × 10⁻³ and 4.3 × 10⁻⁵ g/100 g). As, Hg, Cd, and Pb in mycelia were under the limit of edible fungus health standard; Pb was not found, but Cd, Hg, and As were detected in fruiting bodies. These findings suggest that O. longissima could be utilized in different culture methods according to market demand and might be a possible health food or medicinal resource.

Exploring the Role of Phenolic Compounds in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

“…However, in other contexts, TGF-β can also activate NF-κB, contributing to processes like fibrosis observed in CKD [ 58 ]. Polyphenols like curcumin [ 57 ], epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) [ 58 ], resveratrol [ 59 ], a synthetic caffeamide derivative [ 60 ], and lignophenol [ 61 ] are believed to exert their beneficial effects by modulating these pathways, as seen for polyphenol-rich foods and drinks, such as dark chocolate [ 62 , 63 ], Clitoria ternatea flower petal extract [ 64 , 65 ], açaí [ 66 , 67 ], mushrooms [ 68 , 69 ], corn silk [ 70 ], sorghum [ 71 ], probiotic drinks [ 72 ], and unfermented grape juice [ 73 ]. They can activate Nrf2, promoting the antioxidant defense system, and/or inhibit NF-κB, TGF-β, and/or TNF-α, thereby reducing inflammation and the associated oxidative stress in CKD patients [ 74 ].…”

“…1-octene-3-alcohl and butylated hydroxytoluene [69] ↓ BUN and Scr ↓ content of ROS in renal tissues ↓ oxidative stress ↑ SOD and GSH-PX [68] Gallic acid, catechin and derivatives, and rutin and derivatives [70] ↓ blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine [70] Luteolinidin and 5-methoxyluteolinidine [71] ↓ oxidative stress ↑ serum SOD and TAC ↓ serum MDA decreased [71] Hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives [110] ↑ SOD 1 activity ↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 production [72] Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes [54] ↓ LDLs and cholesterol ↓ oxidative DNA damage [73] Curcumin [79] ↓ serum urea and creatinine ↓ HO1 and INOS mRNA expression ↑ GSH concentration, GR, CAT, and SOD activities ↓ LPO and DNA fragmentation [79] Ellagitannin geraniin [80] ↓ relative weights of pancreas, liver, heart, and aorta ↓ plasma glucose ↓ TG, non-HDLs and total cholesterols, ALT, AST, CK, and Cr [80] Protocatechuic acid [81] ↓ BMI ↓ SOD activity in liver and muscle homogenates ↑ GSH activity in muscle ↓ MCP-1, IL-1b, CRP [81] 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid [82] ↓ TNF-α expression by 0.12 times [82] Ferulic and benzoic acid derivatives, quercetin derivatives, flavonone glycosides [83] ↓ cholesterol, LDLs, and plasma TGCs [83] 7-O-Galloyl-d-Sedoheptulose [84] ↓ serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, NEFAs, and TBA-reactive substances ↓ serum levels of ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea nitrogen [84] Thymol [85] ↓ urinary glucose, urinary urea, and urinary protein ↓ TBARS and LOOH ↑ SOD, catalase, GPx, GST, and GR ↓ SREBP-1c, TGF-b, and VEGF proteins [85] Protocatechuic acid [89] ↓ insulin Improved AGE expression and histological changes in both glomerular hypertrophy and interstitial crushing [86] Protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, catechin, gallocatechin, and rutin [87] ↓ triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels ↓ BUN, blood creatinine, and blood pressure ↓ ratio of urine albumin/urine creatinine Ameliorated mesangial fibrosis in part via the Ras/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.…”

Identification and determination of myriocin in Isaria cicadae and its allies by LTQ-Orbitrap-HRMS

“…We previously reported that the ethyl acetate extract of Cordyceps cicadae fermented broth had a significant inhibitory effect on Candida albicans , which was selected as the best indicator of the antibacterial activity and the antifungal compound isolated from the fermentation broth of C. cicadae was myriocin (Hu et al 2016). The myriocin in RCEF3666, RCEF3890 and RCEF3891, 3 strains of Ophiocordyceps longissima , and 1 strain of Isaria cicadae RCEF6212 and its mycelia was also identified, and the results showed that only RCEF3891 ( O. longissima ) contained myriocin (Zhang 2014). Then the artificial cultures of a large number of Isaria cicadae strains deposited at the laboratory were detected, and myriocin were still not detected.…”