Nutritional effects on the fetus and mammary gland during pregnancy

Mellor, D. J.

doi:10.1079/pns19870032

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In this study, ewes fed both restricted and high nutritional planes during gestation had reduced colostrum yield compared with ewes fed to meet NRC requirements. This has been observed previously both in our model (Swanson et al, 2008) as well as others (Mellor and Murray, 1985;Mellor et al, 1987;Wallace et al, 2001;Banchero et al, 2006;Tygesen et al, 2008). In the current study, milk yield of ewes fed a high plane of nutrition quickly increased and was similar to control ewes by d 2 of lactation.…”

Section: Colostrum and Milk Productionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…However, milk production of ewes restricted during gestation did not reach control amounts during the first 20 d of lactation, even as all ewes received a similar diet meeting nutrient requirements for lactation. Colostrum begins to accumulate in the mammary gland during the last few days of gestation in ewes (Mellor, 1987) and has been reduced in nutrient-restricted ewes (Mellor and Murray, 1985). Although both a restricted and high nutritional plane reduced colostrum accumulation in the current study, ewes that were fed a high nutritional plane during gestation were able to increase milk synthesis postpartum, unlike restricted ewes.…”

Section: Colostrum and Milk Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation affect yield and nutrient composition of colostrum and milk in primiparous ewes1

Meyer

Reed

Neville

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Science

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The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on www.asas.orgThis article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States. and lambs were removed at parturition. Colostrum was milked from all ewes at 3 h postpartum, and one-half of the ewes (n = 42) were transitioned to a common diet meeting lactation requirements and mechanically milked for 20 d. Colostrum yield was greater (P = 0.02) for HSe ewes than ASe, whereas CON had greater (P < 0.05) colostrum yield than RES and HIH. Colostrum Se (%) was greater (P < 0.01) for HSe than ASe. Colostrum from ewes fed HSe had less (P = 0.03) butterfat (%), but greater (P ≤ 0.05) total butterfat, solids-notfat, lactose, protein, milk urea N, and Se than ASe. Colostrum from HIH ewes had greater (P ≤ 0.02) solids-not-fat (%) than RES, whereas RES had greater (P ≤ 0.04) butterfat (%) than CON and HIH. Colostrum from ewes fed the CON diet had greater (P = 0.01) total butterfat than HIH. Total solids-not-fat, lactose, and protein were greater (P < 0.05) in colostrum from CON than RES and HIH. Ewes fed HSe had greater (P < 0.01) milk yield (g/d and mL/d) than ASe, and CON and HIH had greater (P < 0.01) yield than RES. Milk protein (%) was greater (P ≤ 0.01) in RES compared with CON or HIH. Ewes fed HSe had greater (P < 0.01) milk Se (μg/g and mg/d) than ASe on each sampling day. Milk from CON and HIH ewes had greater (P < 0.01) total solids-not-fat, lactose, protein, and milk urea N than RES. Total Se was greater (P = 0.02) in milk from ewes fed the CON diet compared with RES. Somatic cell count and total somatic cells were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in milk from CON than RES. A cubic effect of day (P ≥ 0.01) was observed for milk yield (g and mL). Butterfat, solids-not-fat, lactose, milk urea N, and Se concentration responded quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) to day. Protein (%), total butterfat, and total Se, and somatic cells (cells/mL and cells/d) decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with day. Results indicate that gestational nutrition affects colostrum and milk yield and nutrient content, even when lactational nutrient requirements are met.

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Section: Colostrum and Milk Productionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Colostrum and Milk Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation affect yield and nutrient composition of colostrum and milk in primiparous ewes1

Meyer

Reed

Neville

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Science

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“…There is a positive correlation between LW of dams in MP and lamb mortality to weaning, associated with heavier ewes having heavier placentas and consequently heavier birth weights (Kelly, 1992). Lighter ewes could also have their milk production potential impaired due to a reduction in udder weight and mammary development, and consequently, reduced colostrum and milk yield (Mellor, 1987). Additionally, there was a small indication of poorer maternal behaviour in ewes on low-plane diets, which potentially could play a role in the reduced survivability of these lambs, as lamb survival is crucially dependent on the adequate expression of maternal care from the ewe (Nowak et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of plane of nutrition of 1- and 2-year-old ewes in early and mid-pregnancy on ewe reproduction and offspring performance up to weaning

Muñoz

Carson

McCoy

et al. 2009

Animal

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The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of plane of nutrition in early pregnancy (EP) and mid-pregnancy (MP), on the productive performance of 1-and 2-year-old ewes and their offspring. Over 2 successive years, between days 0 and 39 after synchronized mating (EP), 1-(n 5 117) and 2-(n 5 52) year-old ewes were allowed 60% (low, L-EP), 100% (medium, M-EP) or 200% (high, H-EP) of requirements for maintenance (M). Between days 40 and 90 (MP), 1-year-old ewes were allowed 140% (M-MP) or 200% (H-MP), while 2-year-old ewes were allowed 80% (M-MP) or 140% (H-MP) of their M requirement. After day 90, all ewes were fed to meet requirements for late pregnancy. Increasing the plane of nutrition between days 0 and 39 resulted in increases in live weight (LW) ( P , 0.001) and body condition score (BCS) ( P , 0.001) during the EP period (H-EP . M-EP . L-EP), differences that in 1-year-old ewes were sustained to lambing ( P , 0.05). On day 42 of gestation H-EP ewes had lower plasma progesterone concentrations than L-EP or M-EP ewes in 1-( P , 0.01) and 2-( P , 0.001) year olds. This was concomitant with diet H-EP tending to reduce the number of lambs born per ewe in both age groups ( P 5 0.06 and 0.07, respectively). Foetuses from 1-year-old L-EP ewes had smaller cranial ( P , 0.01) and abdominal ( P , 0.05) diameters at day 53 of gestation, with H-EP lambs tending to be heaviest at birth ( P 5 0.07). Similar findings were recorded for 2-year-old ewes. One-year-old ewes offered diet L-EP presented negative maternal behaviours more frequently ( P , 0.05), while the incidence of lamb mortality at 6 weeks tended to be greater for L-EP lambs ( P 5 0.07). In MP, 1-year-old ewes offered diet M-MP were associated with foetuses with bigger abdominal diameters at day 78 ( P , 0.05). However, there were no differences in lamb weight or size at term ( P . 0.05). These ewes exhibited more positive maternal behaviours (e.g. increased grooming frequency and duration; P , 0.05) than ewes offered diet H-MP, and their offspring were more successful in suckling ( P , 0.05). Results suggest that in young ewes, a temporary nutrient restriction in EP resulted in increased prolificacy. However, ewes and their offspring were lighter at birth and ewe maternal behaviour was poorer, resulting in increased lamb mortality. In MP, a medium plane of nutrition offered to 1-year-old ewes led to improved maternal and offspring behaviour.

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“…A reduction in placental weight between mid and late pregnancy has previously been described (Vatnick & Bell 1992, Ehrhardt & Bell 1995, Schneider 1996, Jenkinson et al 1999. This may have significant implications on subsequent milk production as placental lactogen and progesterone, important mediators of mammary gland development, are produced from the placenta at levels that are proportional to the placental mass (Mellor 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of maternal undernutrition on the placental growth trajectory and the uterine insulin-like growth factor axis in the pregnant ewe

Osgerby

Wathes

Howard³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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The placenta is a highly efficient multifunctional organ, mediating the exchange of nutrients, gases and waste products between the dam and fetus. This study investigated the effects of chronic maternal undernutrition (70% of estimated requirement) on the placental growth trajectory in the ewe on days 45, 90 and 135 of gestation. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system was investigated using in situ hybridisation analysis to determine if nutritionally mediated alterations in placental growth were regulated through modifications in placental IGF expression. Placental weight increased between days 45 and 90 (P,0·01), accompanied by a reduction in maternal placentome IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, -5 and -6 expression (P,0·05), although IGF-II mRNA levels in maternal villi remained unchanged. Placentome number was unaffected by diet or gestational age. Placental weight remained constant between days 90 and 135 in ewes on 100% maintenance rations but decreased over this period (P,0·05) in ewes on the 70% rations. Gross morphology also altered, so the underfed ewes had more type C and type D placentomes and fewer type B placentomes than their well-fed counterparts on day 135 (P,0·05). These changes were accompanied by higher IGFBP-6 mRNA expression in the maternal placental villi in undernourished ewes (P,0·05). The change in shape from a type A to a type C placentome was accompanied by flattening of the placentome and a reduction in the ratio of the area of unattached fetal allantochorion to interdigitated maternal and fetal villi. Within the intercotyledonary endometrium, expression of IGFBPs-3 and -5 mRNA in the glandular epithelium increased between days 45 and 90, showing an opposite trend with time to that found in the adjacent placentomes. This indicates tissue-specific control of IGFBP expression. In conclusion, this study has shown clear time-related changes in the uterine IGFBP system during pregnancy, which accompany changes in placental growth. Altered IGFBP expression may play a role in determining placental size in relation to nutritional status, but is unlikely to be the only mediator.

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Nutritional effects on the fetus and mammary gland during pregnancy

Cited by 34 publications

References 55 publications

Nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation affect yield and nutrient composition of colostrum and milk in primiparous ewes1

Nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation affect yield and nutrient composition of colostrum and milk in primiparous ewes1

Effect of plane of nutrition of 1- and 2-year-old ewes in early and mid-pregnancy on ewe reproduction and offspring performance up to weaning

The effect of maternal undernutrition on the placental growth trajectory and the uterine insulin-like growth factor axis in the pregnant ewe

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