Nutritional physiology of neonatal calves*

Blum, J.W.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00614.x

Cited by 161 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(182 reference statements)

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“…MRF (n = 40) and control (n = 22). Graugnard, Samuel, Xiao, Spangler and Brennan (Simmen et al, 1990;Hanson et al, 2001;Blum, 2006;Newburg and Walker, 2007). Our study reported a greater percentage of protein and total solids less fat in the milk of the group supplemented with MRF.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Intestinal gene expression profiles of piglets benefit from maternal supplementation with a yeast mannan-rich fraction during gestation and lactation

Graugnard

Samuel

Xiao

et al. 2015

Animal

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The objective was to study the effect of maternal supplementation with a yeast cell wall-based product containing a mannan-rich fraction (MRF) during gestation and lactation on piglet intestinal gene expression. First parity sows were fed experimental gestation and lactation diets with or without MRF (900 mg/kg). After farrowing, piglets were fostered within treatment, as necessary. Sow and litter production performance data were collected until weaning. On day 10 post farrowing, jejunum samples from piglets were collected for gene expression analysis using the Affymetrix Porcine GeneChip array. Most performance parameters did not differ between the treatments. However, protein ( P < 0.01), total solids less fat ( P < 0.03) and the concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in milk were greater ( P < 0.05) in the MRF-supplemented group. Gene expression results using hierarchical clustering revealed an overall dietary effect. Further analysis elucidated activation of pathways involved in tissue development, functioning and immunity, as well as greater cell proliferation and less migration of cells in the jejunum tissue. In conclusion, feeding the sow MRF during pregnancy and lactation was an effective nutritional strategy to bolster colostrum and milk IgG that are essential for development of piglet immune system and gut. In addition, the gene expression patterns affected by the passive immunity transfer showed indicators that could benefit animal performance long term.Keywords: yeast cell wall, pig, microarray, immunity, intestine ImplicationsSupplementing the sow during gestation and lactation with a yeast cell wall-based product containing a mannan-rich fraction was shown to be an effective nutritional strategy to improve immunity transfer from the sow to piglets. Through nutritional supplementation to the sow, a greater concentration of antibodies was transferred via colostrum and milk to piglets during the critical neonatal period. This enhanced transfer could be expected to improve piglet immunocompetence leading to increased survival rate. In addition, sow diet altered transcript profiles in neonatal intestine to promote proper gut development essential for nutrient absorption suggesting potential long-term performance benefits. IntroductionNutritional strategies to improve neonatal animal performance are fundamental to improve overall animal productivity. Low level antibiotics were historically used to improve performance; however, probiotics and prebiotics have gained considerable attention as performance-enhancing alternatives. Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters include supplemental yeast and yeast derived products that are beneficial to animal health, growth and performance (van der Peet-Schwering et al., 2007;Shen et al., 2011;Zhao et al., 2012). Mannan oligosaccharide, a family of yeast cell wall containing a mannan-rich fraction (MRF) derivatives, have gained attention for their value and role in immune modulation in swine species (Nochta et al., 2009;Czech et al., 2010;Che et al., 2011;Che et...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Intestinal gene expression profiles of piglets benefit from maternal supplementation with a yeast mannan-rich fraction during gestation and lactation

Graugnard

Samuel

Xiao

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…Colostrum is itself highly nutritious. It is also associated with improved gut maturity (Blum, 2006) and improved health (McGuirk, 2008). Calves moved to a separate rearing unit also had a higher ADG from 1 to 63 days.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

Johnson

Chancellor

Burn

et al. 2018

Animal

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Growth rates in pre-weaned calves influence their health, age at first calving and lifetime productivity. Many farms restrict milk rations to encourage solid feed intake and facilitate early weaning, but this can compromise growth. This study determined the milk feeding policies and associated growth rates on 11 commercial dairy farms in South East England, each following their normal management regime. Between 26 and 54 heifers were recruited per farm, providing a final cohort of 492, of which 71% were pure Holstein. Information on calf rearing practices (feeding, weaning, housing) and health was collected via questionnaires and weekly observations. Estimates of actual milk fed (kg solids) between 1 and 63 days were calculated for individual calves. Morphometric data (weight, height, length) were taken at weeks 1, 5 and 9 and at a median age of 7.5 months and growth rates were calculated. Most calves were fed milk replacer via automated feeders (four farms), teat feeder (one) or buckets (four) whereas two farms provided drums of acidified waste milk. Farms fed between 4 and 6 l/day of milk at mixing rates of 10% to 15%, providing 400 to 900 g/day of milk solids. Both skeletal growth rates and average daily weight gain (ADG) increased in the second month of life compared with the first: height growth from 0.17 ± 0.14 to 0.25 ± 0.16 cm/day and ADG from 0.48 ± 0.25 to 0.71 ± 0.28 kg/day. Post-weaning heifers up to 7.5 months had height increases of 0.16 ± 0.035 cm/day and ADG of 0.83 ± 0.16 kg/day. From 1 to 63 days 70% of calves had growth rates <0.7 kg/day and of these 19.6% gained <0.5 kg/day. Mean ADG before 9 weeks varied between farms from 0.52 ± 0.30 to 0.75 ± 0.20 kg/day. This was related to the amount of milk fed at both a farm and individual calf level. Increasing the total milk solids fed between 1 and 63 days from 20.4 to 46.3 kg (the 10 th to 90 th percentile observed) was associated with an increase of 0.11 kg/day ADG. All farms had a wide variation in growth rates despite single feeding policies. Higher circulating immunoglobulin G and IGF1 concentrations were associated with better growth, whereas low temperatures in month of birth, high scores for diarrhoea, respiratory and umbilical disease and large birth size reduced growth. Many commercially grown dairy heifers therefore experienced growth restriction in the pre-weaned period, potentially reducing their health, welfare and productivity.

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“…This pattern is typical for foetal or pre-colostral sera in some animal species. In calves and foals, pre-colostral serum normally contains no or only very small quantities of γ-globulins, but within a few hours after the intake of colostrum, γ-globulins begin to rise in serum and the absorption continues for up to 36 h after birth, after which gut permeability ceases (Weaver et al 2000;Blum 2006). Hypogammaglobulinaemia may be commonly seen also in patients with recurrent infections or in cases of immune deficiency (Cunningham-Rundles…”

Section: Globulinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum proteins and their diagnostic utility in veterinary medicine: a review

Tóthová¹,

Nagy²,

Kováč³

2016

Vet. Med.

134

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ABSTRACT:The evaluation of serum proteins and their electrophoretic pattern is a well-established laboratory method in the diagnosis of many diseases in humans, which has replaced the biochemical determination of the concentrations of albumin and the ratio of albumin to globulins. The measurement of serum proteins may be an important diagnostic tool for the detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of various diseases and pathological processes. The results of serum protein electrophoresis can be one of the most useful diagnostic aids in a wide spectrum of diseases, including infectious and inflammatory diseases, renal or gastrointestinal disorders, immunodeficiency states, as well as paraproteinaemias caused by lymphoid or plasma cell neoplasia. Although many studies have been carried out to determine the usefulness of the determination of serum proteins and their electrophoretic pattern in various disease conditions and disorders also in animals, serum protein evaluation is still a relatively little-used diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine. In this article, methods of serum protein determination, their diagnostic utility in animal care practice and their different patterns in dysproteinaemias and paraproteinaemias are reviewed.

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Nutritional physiology of neonatal calves*

Cited by 161 publications

References 109 publications

Intestinal gene expression profiles of piglets benefit from maternal supplementation with a yeast mannan-rich fraction during gestation and lactation

Intestinal gene expression profiles of piglets benefit from maternal supplementation with a yeast mannan-rich fraction during gestation and lactation

Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms

Serum proteins and their diagnostic utility in veterinary medicine: a review

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