Nutritional Regulation of Gut Barrier Integrity in Weaning Piglets

Modina, S.; Polito, Umberto; Rossi, Raffaella; Corino, C.; Giancamillo, A. Di

doi:10.3390/ani9121045

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…The gut barrier plays a crucial role for endotoxin translocation. Different stressors can lead to a comprised gut barrier; that is, suboptimal diet composition [ 33 ], mycotoxins [ 34 , 35 ], heat stress [ 36 ], and weaning stress in pigs [ 37 ] and cattle [ 38 ]. It also needs to be considered that systemic LPS itself (e.g., resulting from any systemic Gram-negative infection) can impact the gut barrier owing to the stimulation and release of cytokines (e.g., TNF), leading to a vicious circle [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endotoxin Translocation and Gut Inflammation Are Increased in Broiler Chickens Receiving an Oral Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Bolus during Heat Stress

Reisinger¹,

Emsenhuber²,

Doupovec³

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also termed endotoxins, are the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In general, endotoxins in the intestine are considered harmless in healthy animals. However, different stressors, such as heat stress, can lead to a compromised gut barrier, resulting in endotoxin translocation. Chickens are considered to be less sensitive to the effects of LPS compared with other species, for example, humans, pigs, or calves, probably because of the lack of the functional-specific TRAM-TRIF signalling pathway (MyD88-independent). Therefore, six LPS preparations (three different strains with two different preparation methods each) were compared in murine macrophages and characterized according to their MyD88-dependent pathway activation. All tested LPS preparations induced a strong inflammatory response after 4 and 24 h on a murine macrophage cell line. However, there was a similar strong response in the gene expression profile as well as production of nitrite oxide and TNF-alpha from LPS of different strains and preparation methods. On the basis of the results of the in vitro study, one LPS preparation was chosen for the subsequent in vivo study with broilers to assess the effect of an oral LPS bolus (E. coli O55:B5 phenol extracted; 2 mg/kg b.w.) during heat stress conditions (10 h, 36 °C). The most pronounced effects were seen in broilers receiving the oral LPS bolus during heat stress conditions. The endotoxin activity in the intestine as well as the serum concentration of the 3-OH C14 (part of LPS) were increased. In addition, an increased expression of genes related to inflammation and stress response (e.g., IL-6, IL-1beta, HSP70) was observed, whereas the expression of genes associated with gut health (e.g., MUC2, FABP2) was decreased. To conclude, an increase of intestinal LPS combined with heat stress can pose a risk to animal health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endotoxin Translocation and Gut Inflammation Are Increased in Broiler Chickens Receiving an Oral Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Bolus during Heat Stress

Reisinger¹,

Emsenhuber²,

Doupovec³

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…Other nutritional strategies aimed at increasing feed intake post-weaning (e.g., the inclusion of highly palatable ingredients in the post-weaning diet) have been reviewed by others [ 140 , 141 ]. To promote gut health in weaned piglets, a wide range of nutritional interventions have been investigated and reviewed, with several functional ingredients and feed additives receiving the most attention [ 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 ]. In the following sub-sections, the nutritional strategies for the acute phase are discussed in relation to their effect on gut health and functionality (i.e., stomach functioning, stomach retention and digestion kinetics, and the health and function of the small and large intestine).…”

Section: Post-weaning Nutritional Strategies During the Acute Phasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Hüting

Middelkoop

Guan

et al. 2021

Animals

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This is a comprehensive review on the use of nutritional strategies to shape the functioning of the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling and weaned piglets. The progressive development of a piglet’s gut and the associated microbiota and immune system offers a unique window of opportunity for supporting gut health through dietary modulation. This is particularly relevant for large litters, for which sow colostrum and milk are insufficient. The authors have therefore proposed the use of supplemental milk and creep feed with a dual purpose. In addition to providing nutrients to piglets, supplemental milk can also serve as a gut modulator in early life by incorporating functional ingredients with potential long-term benefits. To prepare piglets for weaning, it is important to stimulate the intake of solid feed before weaning, in addition to stimulating the number of piglets eating. The use of functional ingredients in creep feed and a transition diet around the time of weaning helps to habituate piglets to solid feed in general, while also preparing the gut for the digestion and fermentation of specific ingredients. In the first days after weaning (i.e., the acute phase), it is important to maintain high levels of feed intake and focus on nutritional strategies that support good gastric (barrier) function and that avoid overloading the impaired digestion and fermentation capacity of the piglets. In the subsequent maturation phase, the ratio of lysine to energy can be increased gradually in order to stimulate piglet growth. This is because the digestive and fermentation capacity of the piglets is more mature at this stage, thus allowing the inclusion of more fermentable fibres. Taken together, the nutritional strategies addressed in this review provide a structured approach to preparing piglets for success during weaning and the period that follows. The implementation of this approach and the insights to be developed through future research can help to achieve some of the most important goals in pig production: reducing piglet mortality, morbidity and antimicrobial use.

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“…If we look at the epithelial layer more closely, we notice that there are three types of cells lining on the villus surface: enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells (piglet gut barrier reviewed by [ 6 ]). Enterocytes are the most abundant group of villi cells, about 94%, goblet cells are about 5% and endocrine cells about 1%.…”

Section: Gut Anatomy In Briefmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The weaning period is a critical phase in the development of the intestine of piglets and normally occurs between 3 and 4 weeks of life, when the animals are still feeding milk. Weaning can be considered a multifactorial syndrome caused by social and environmental stressors such as mixing of different litters, transport of animals and, of course, changes in diet [ 6 ]. Stress affects the live weight gain of animals and metabolic changes that are strongly related to the adaptation of the endocrine system.…”

Section: Modifications Of the Piglets Small Intestine Structure During Weaningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first line of chemical–physical defense against pathogenic antigens is represented by mucus as recently reviewed by [ 6 ]. The presence of mucus in the early postnatal period is of particular importance for the innate barrier, when animals are more sensitive to pathogens as the immune system is still being developed [ 54 ].…”

Section: Modifications Of the Gut Barrier: Role Of Microfloramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stages of Gut Development as a Useful Tool to Prevent Gut Alterations in Piglets

Modina

Aidos

Rossi

et al. 2021

Animals

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During the prenatal, neonatal, and weaning periods, the porcine gastrointestinal tract undergoes several morpho-functional, changes together with substantial modification of the microbial ecosystem. Modifications of the overall structure of the small intestine also occur, as well as a rapid increase of the volume, mainly in the last period of gestation: intestinal villi, starting from jejunum, appears shortly before the sixth week of gestation, and towards the end of the third month, epithelial cells diversify into enterocytes, goblet cells, endocrine, and Paneth cells. Moreover, in the neonatal period, colostrum induces an increase in intestinal weight, absorptive area, and brush border enzyme activities: intestine doubles its weight and increases the length by 30% within three days of birth. During weaning, intestinal environment modifies drastically due to a replacement of highly digestible sow milk by solid feed: profound changes in histological parameters and enzymatic activity are associated with the weaning period, such as the atrophy of the villi and consequent restorative hypertrophy of the crypts. All these modifications are the result of a delicate and precise balance between the proliferation and the death of the cells that form the intestinal mucosa (i.e., mitosis and apoptosis) and the health conditions of the piglet. An in-depth knowledge of these phenomena and of how they can interfere with the correct intestinal function can represent a valid support to predict strategies to improve gut health in the long-term and to prevent weaning gut alterations; thus, reducing antimicrobial use.

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Nutritional Regulation of Gut Barrier Integrity in Weaning Piglets

Cited by 45 publications

References 114 publications

Endotoxin Translocation and Gut Inflammation Are Increased in Broiler Chickens Receiving an Oral Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Bolus during Heat Stress

Endotoxin Translocation and Gut Inflammation Are Increased in Broiler Chickens Receiving an Oral Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Bolus during Heat Stress

Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Stages of Gut Development as a Useful Tool to Prevent Gut Alterations in Piglets

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