Nutritional Studies on Rats on Diets Containing High Levels of Partial Ester Emulsifiers

Oser, Bernard L.; Oser, Mona

doi:10.1093/jn/61.2.235

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This reduced transit time would result in a decreased faecal concentration of the carcinogen and a shortened contact time between colonic mucosa and carcinogen (Howe, 1982). Another explanation could be a lower food utilisation associated with intake of emulsifiers (Oser & Oser, 1956), as reflected by the decrease of body weight observed in our study. A reduced calorie intake is known to be associated with decreased colonic tumour incidence (Howe et al, 1982).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Effects of androgen manipulations on chemically induced colonic tumours and on macroscopically normal colonic mucosa in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Izbicki¹,

Hamilton

Wambach³

et al. 1990

Br J Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that androgens influence colonic carcinogenesis. We investigated the effects of hormonal manipulations (surgical and chemical castration, hormone substitution) on colonic tumour development, tumour and mucosal histopathology, and epithelial proliferation in macroscopically normal colonic mucosa in male rats, after induction of chemical colon carcinogenesis by subcutaneous injections of azoxymethane (AOM). Chemical castration with cyproterone acetate, but not surgical castration, resulted in increased colonic tumorigenesis, which was accompanied by decreased crypt length, decreased number of cells per crypt, and increased crypt epithelial mitotic index in the right colon. Chemically castrated rats also had crypt hyperplasia and increased numbers of dysplastic foci in the left colon which were not seen with surgical castration. By contrast, rats given testosterone after surgical castration showed decreased colonic tumorigenesis with an increased proportion of tumours in the left colon and lower percentage of tumours with invasion. The grossly normal mucosa of the testosterone-substituted castrated rats showed decreased crypt length in the right colon similar to the other groups of castrated rats, but no significant increase in mitotic index. Our results suggest that the anti-androgenic progestin cyproterone is a potent enhancer of colonic tumorigenesis and epithelial proliferative abnormalities after AOM administration. Exogenous testosterone after castration alters tumour distribution and characteristics and suppresses epithelial proliferative abnormalities. Finally, androgen effects on the colonic mucosa are more prominent in the right than in the left colon, suggesting different influences of hormones on the epithelium of these anatomical sites.An important role for androgens in colonic carcinogenesis in humans has been suggested on the basis of detection of specific receptor proteins in human colorectal tissue (Odagiri et al., 1984, Jacobson 1984. Chemically induced colonic carcinogenesis models in rats have been used to study modulators of colonic carcinogenesis (Autrup & Williams, 1983). Some authors reported specific androgen receptor proteins in chemically induced colonic tumours (Mehta et al., 1980;Krelenbaum et al., 1984;Jacobson, 1984). In addition, hormonal manipulations have been reported to influence tumour yield (Balish et al., 1977;Moon & Fricks, 1977;Mehta et al., 1978;Izbicki et al., 1983). These findings seemed to support a possible role of androgens in colonic carcinogenesis.Recently, we reported the effects of hormonal manipulations on chemically induced colonic carcinogenesis and androgen receptors in macroscopically normal mucosa and colonic tumours (Izbicki et al., 1986). In the present publication we present our evaluation of the mechanisms of the observed effects. Materials and methods Experimental protocolTwo hundred 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230-275 g (Wiga, Sulzfeld, FRG) were randomly allocated to five groups ...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

Effects of androgen manipulations on chemically induced colonic tumours and on macroscopically normal colonic mucosa in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Izbicki¹,

Hamilton

Wambach³

et al. 1990

Br J Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The first litter was discarded at weaning and the second matings of F0 for F1 generation started after 12 weeks. In total, four generations were examined: F0-F3 (Oser and Oser, 1956b; see details in section 3.2.5). The body weights of the F0 animals were measured weekly for the first 12 weeks, and thereafter biweekly.…”

Section: Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Oser and Oser (1956b) study, effects on reproduction and lactation were reported. Matings were continued in the F0 generation throughout the entire two-year period (seven-week intervals).…”

Section: 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (E 432), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (E 433), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (E 434), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (E 435) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (E 436) as food additives

Panel¹

2015

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) re-evaluated the safety of polysorbate 20 (E 432), polysorbate 80 (E 433), polysorbate 40 (E 434), polysorbate 60 (E 435) and polysorbate 65 (E 436) as food additives. The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) derived an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 25 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day (group ADI for polysorbates 20, 40, 60, 65 and 80) and the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) derived a group ADI of 10 mg/kg bw/day. Small amounts of polyoxyethylene sorbitans are absorbed. Similar toxicokinetics would be expected for all polysorbates based on their similarities in structure and metabolic fate. The acute toxicity is very low. There is no concern regarding genotoxicity, carcinogenicity or developmental toxicity. From a limited number of studies, there is no indication of reproductive toxicity. The Panel considered the long-term carcinogenicity study in rats with a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) equivalent to 2 500 mg/kg bw/day -consistent with the NOAEL defined in subchronic studies -as the key study and allocated a group ADI of 25 mg/kg bw/day using an uncertainty factor of 100. The estimated exposure of toddlers at the highest level in non-brand loyal scenario remains very close to the ADI (24.5 mg/kg bw/day). The Panel is aware that for three food categories no reported uses have been obtained and that other dietary sources of exposure to polysorbates could not been considered in this opinion and therefore more data (usage and analytical data) are needed to decrease uncertainties in the refined exposure assessment scenario used. 20, 40, 60, 65 and 80 (SCF, 1985). The basis was a No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) equivalent to 1 460 mg/kg bw/day in the diet in the 90-day study in rats with polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (polysorbate 60) (BIBRA, 1981; cited in SCF, 1985). A higher group ADI value of 0-25 mg/kg bw/day was allocated by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA, 1974a, b).The Panel was not provided with a newly submitted dossier and based its evaluation on previous evaluations and reviews, additional literature that has become available since then and data available following a public call for data. The Panel noted that not all original studies on which previous evaluations were based were available for re-evaluation by the Panel. Specifications for the polysorbates have been defined in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 and by JECFA (JECFA, 2006a).The Panel considered the evaluation of polysorbates (E 432-E 436) as a group in one opinion because of their similarities in structure and metabolic fate. These additives are hydrolysed to oxyethylene sorbitans and the relevant fatty acids, the latter being normal constituents of the diet. From the toxicological data as described in this opinion, there is ...

show abstract

“…This ability has been utilized in the detoxification of mycotoxins and several in vitro studies have found that approximately 80% to 100% of mycotoxins in aqueous solutions were adsorbed by ACs (Dö ll et al, 2004). Tween-60 (Tween; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate) belongs to the polysorbate family of surfactants used extensively in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries to solubilize essential oils into water-based products (Oser and Oser, 1956). They are also similar in structure and function to sucrose polyesters, known to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of persistent organic pollutants by competing with intestinal micelles for lipophilic nutrients (Cooper et al, 1997;Meijer et al, 2006 Galvano et al (1997) show that AC has high affinity towards fumonisin B 1 ; however, an inclusion rate of 20 mg/g diet of AC to fumonisincontaminated diets showed no protection to rats against fumonisin B 1 (Solfrizzo et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of non-nutritive sorbent materials as intestinal-binding agents for the control of boar taint

Jen

Squires

2011

Animal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In many countries, male pigs are castrated to prevent boar taint, but this practice raises concerns about animal welfare and reduces the production efficiency of pork. The objective of this study was to develop dietary manipulations to prevent boar taint. We evaluated the effectiveness of adding activated carbon (AC) or Tween-60 (Tween; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate) to pig finishing diets to reduce levels of androstenone (AND) and skatole in plasma and fat of entire male pigs. Boars (159 6 2 days of age at the start of the experiment) were fed diets supplemented with either 5% AC or 5% Tween for 28 days followed by either 14 or 28 days of recovery. Plasma samples were collected at experimental days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56, and backfat biopsies were taken at experimental days 0, 28, 42 and 56. Feeding AC significantly (P , 0.05) reduced the levels of AND in plasma by day 28 compared to day 0 and by day 42 in fat compared to day 0. AC treatment also decreased levels of oestrone sulphate (E 1 S) in plasma by day 7 compared to day 0. Treatment with Tween significantly decreased (P , 0.05) the levels of plasma AND by day 28 from levels at day 0. Tween treatment did not significantly affect levels of fat AND or plasma E 1 S compared to day 0; however, fat AND levels decreased between days 28 and 42 following treatment with Tween (P , 0.05). Levels of plasma E 1 S, plasma AND and fat AND for control boars remained constant throughout the experiment. Skatole plasma concentrations were very low and did not vary significantly (P . 0.05) from day 0 for any treatment, but fat skatole levels decreased by day 42 in the Tween treatment group. Importantly, there was no difference in growth rate between the control and experimental groups. We conclude that adding AC or Tween to finishing diets for boars can reduce the levels of plasma and fat AND, but further work is needed to confirm the effects of these treatments on reducing fat skatole levels.

show abstract

Nutritional Studies on Rats on Diets Containing High Levels of Partial Ester Emulsifiers

Cited by 38 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of androgen manipulations on chemically induced colonic tumours and on macroscopically normal colonic mucosa in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Effects of androgen manipulations on chemically induced colonic tumours and on macroscopically normal colonic mucosa in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (E 432), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (E 433), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (E 434), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (E 435) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan tristearate (E 436) as food additives

Efficacy of non-nutritive sorbent materials as intestinal-binding agents for the control of boar taint

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About