O legado das colonizações da Amazônia oriental: redes de aglomerados rurais ou redes proto-urbanas?

Abstract

ResumoEste artigo assume estudos de caso nos Municípios de Moju e Acará para investigar uma rede de pequenas aglomerações que compõem o território rural do nordeste paraense. Normalmente invisível aos órgãos oficiais e não considerada no desenho das políticas públicas rurais e urbanas, esses aglomerados efetivamente estruturam o território rural, como pode ser apreendido por meio de cartografia social. O objetivo deste artigo é relacionar os níveis hierárquicos dessa rede de aglomerados rurais aos resquícios das políticas colonizadoras. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa voltada para a análise de padrões sócio-espaciais, utilizando como ferramentas a cartografia social e a teoria dos grafos para gerar um gradiente urbano-rural e os níveis de hierarquia da rede. Apesar da prevalência de funções agrárias, assumidas como ponto de partida da colonização realizada nos anos 1970, observa-se a disseminação de aglomerados rurais hierarquizados por centralidade, disponibilidade de serviços, estratégias de subsistência e coesão social, que articulam usos rurais a expectativas de consumo e acesso às políticas públicas normalmente associadas ao universo urbano, conectando esses dois mundos. O resultado de tantas superposições é um território híbrido cuja morfologia e padrão socioespacial em rede são pouco compreendidos e valorizados tanto pelo setor público quanto pela iniciativa privada. AbstractThis article assumes case studies in Moju and Acará Municipalities to investigate a small network of settlements that constitutes the rural area of northeastern Pará. Normally invisible to official bodies and not considered in the design of rural and urban public policies, these settlements effectively structure the rural area, as it can be grasped through social mapping. The purpose of this article is to relate hierarchical levels of the rural settlements network to the remnants of colonial policies. The methodology was qualitative focused on the analysis of socio-spatial pattern, using as tools social mapping and graph theory to generate an urban-rural gradient and the hierarchy levels of the rural settlements network. Despite the prevalence of agrarian functions, taken as a starting point of colonization performed in the 1970s, it is observed the spreading of rural settlements classified by centrality, availability of services, livelihood strategies and social cohesion, articulating rural uses to consumer expectations and access to public policies normally associated with the urban universe, connecting these two worlds. The result of so many superpositions is a hybrid territory, which morphology and networks' sociospatial patterns are barely understood and valued by both public and private sectors.

Locality Attributes and Networks Serving to Reveal Amazonian Urbanization beyond the Cities

“…From the perspective of an extended territory composed of a diversity of urban socio‐spatial forms (Dal'Asta and others ), the localities represent the nodes that structure an urban fabric at the local level. At this scale, our findings corroborate with previous studies (Guedes, Costa, and Brondizio ; Amaral and others ; Pinho and Cardoso ; Lana and others ). There is, in fact, a hierarchy of localities established by their descriptive attributes related to its own organization and structure.…”

“…This type of connection, captured here most intensely through the locality production and consumption networks, does not necessarily imply profound changes in Amazonian riverine production techniques, but it suggests new norms, rules, and values around access to and management of resources (Eloy, Brondizio, and Pateo ). Pinho and Cardoso () observed in the northeastern Pará (municipalities of Mojú and Acará) that the urban way of life intensifies consumption (of industrial and even food products) and weakens socio‐environmental values in the most isolated localities, tending to devalue nature‐dependent practices that make the sustenance of most isolated populations possible. At the same time, traditional habits are strengthened and disseminated in cities from rural‐urban migration, as described by Christine Padoch and others with consumption of the Açaí palm in the Amazon estuary and use of the cheap timber in the Peruvian Amazon (2008).…”