Obesity: a gender-view

Abstract

Purpose There is a growing awareness of the importance of understanding gender differences in obesity. The aim of this short review was to revise the current evidence on anthropometric characteristics and nutritional and pharmacological aspects of obesity from a gender perspective. Methods A literature search within PubMed was performed. Selected publications related to obesity and gender differences were reviewed. Results The prevalence of obesity among men is higher than in women, but women have a higher percentage of body fat content compared to men, and gender appears to be an important factor in the manifestation of central (android) or peripheral (gynoid) obesity. In addition, while in most clinical trials, women are still underrepresented, in clinical registration trials of anti-obesity drugs, women are commonly up-represented and gender-specific analysis is uncommon. Considering that adipose tissue is one of the factors affecting the volume of distribution of many drugs, mainly lipophilic drugs, gender differences might be expected in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-obesity drugs. Indeed, although Liraglutide 3 mg, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and naltrexone/bupropion display lipophilic properties, currently, a gender–dose adjustment for both these drugs administration is not recommended. In addition, despite that predicted responders to treatment offer substantial opportunities for efficient use, especially of expensive new therapies, such as anti-obesity drugs, data on gender differences to identify early responders to both these have not yet been investigated. Finally, bariatric surgery gender disparity reflects healthcare practices. Weight loss similar, but differing effects: women need more correction and face psychology challenges; men have worse physiology and fewer comorbidity improvements. Conclusion Gender differences exist in obesity prevalence and phenotype, body fat distribution, drug efficacy, clinical trial representation, and different secondary effects of bariatric surgery. Gender is an important variable in obesity analysis.

Characterizing Factors Associated with Excess Body Weight: A Descriptive Study Using Principal Component Analysis in a Population with Overweight and Obesity

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Pharmacological treatment of obesity in adults in Norway 2004–2022

“…Women are more likely to be diagnosed with obesity and ask for treatment, including behavioural and pharmacological interventions, and bariatric surgery. 19 Men tend to underperceive their weight, 20 and being overweight perhaps has less stigma for men than for women. Another explanation could be a different distribution of non-traditional factors such as stress, depression, and socio-economic status.…”

Sleep duration and screen time in children and adolescents: Simultaneous moderation role in the relationship between waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk according to physical activity

“…In general, greater adiposity is observed in women. However, men generally have a greater central distribution of adipose tissue (android), while women have a peripheral distribution of adipose tissue (gynoid), and these differences become evident from adolescence with the onset of puberty (Muscogiuri et al, 2023).…”