Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

T here is overall agreement in the scientific and clinical community that obesity is one of the major public health problems of this century. The first documented reports on obesity date from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.1-3 From these days to date, >57 000 articles have been published in PubMed including the term obesity in the title, with these figures being 3× larger when searching by obesity also in the abstract. Figure 1 graphically Abstract: The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide over the past few decades. In 2013, the prevalence of obesity exceeded the 50% of the adult population in some countries from Oceania, North Africa, and Middle East. Lower but still alarmingly high prevalence was observed in North America (≈30%) and in Western Europe (≈20%). These figures are of serious concern because of the strong link between obesity and disease. In the present review, we summarize the current evidence on the relationship of obesity with cardiovascular disease (CVD), discussing how both the degree and the duration of obesity affect CVD. Although in the general population, obesity and, especially, severe obesity are consistently and strongly related with higher risk of CVD incidence and mortality, the one-sizefits-all approach should not be used with obesity. There are relevant factors largely affecting the CVD prognosis of obese individuals. In this context, we thoroughly discuss important concepts such as the fat-but-fit paradigm, the metabolically healthy but obese (MHO) phenotype and the obesity paradox in patients with CVD. About the MHO phenotype and its CVD prognosis, available data have provided mixed findings, what could be partially because of the adjustment or not for key confounders such as cardiorespiratory fitness, and to the lack of consensus on the MHO definition. In the present review, we propose a scientifically based harmonized definition of MHO, which will hopefully contribute to more comparable data in the future and a better understanding on the MHO subgroup and its CVD prognosis. (Circ Res.

Visceral Adiposity as a Global Factor of Cardiovascular Risk

“…С другой стороны, сегодня четко обозначились две наиболее глобальные проблемы, касающиеся данной взаимо-связи, -проблема "парадокса ИМТ" [9] и проблема гетерогенности фенотипов ожирения в отношении кардиометаболического риска [10], вызвавшие появ-ление многочисленных дискуссий по вопросам про-гностического влияния избыточной массы тела и ожирения и целесообразности их коррекции у лиц с ССЗ в рамках вторичной профилактики. Вместе с тем, данные феномены дали мощный стимул для проведения дополнительных эксперимен-тальных и клинических исследований, анализирую-щих патофизиологические механизмы ассоциации ожирения и ССЗ, результатами которых являются новые концепции нормального и патологического веса с учетом различных показателей оценки жиро-вой и безжировой ткани, метаболических процессов, уровня кардиореспираторного фитнеса и имеющейся патологии органов и систем [11].…”

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KULIT PISANG KEPOK KUNING (<em>Musa balbisiana</em>) TERHADAP ASUPAN MAKAN DAN BERAT BADAN TIKUS WISTAR (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>) JANTAN

“…Data dari WHO tersebut menyebutkan bahwa pada tahun 2014 angka kejadian obesitas di dunia mencapai 15% pada wanita dan 11% pada pria di atas usia 18 tahun. Penelitian membuktikan bahwa obesitas menjadi faktor resiko berbagai penyakit, antara lain penyakit kardiovaskuler dan menyebabkan pengurangan angka harapan hidup (Ortega et al, 2016). Obesitas juga terbukti berkaitan dengan penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2, batu kantung empedu, dan kesehatan mental (Luppino et al, 2010).…”

Nonfat milk attenuates acute hyperglycemia in individuals with android obesity: A randomized control trial

“…Obesity has long been accepted as a clinical risk factor for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases (Chan, Rimm, Colditz, Stampfer, & Willett, 1994; Ortega, Lavie, & Blair, 2016). In particular, android obesity (defined as central or abdominal obesity with excess distribution of body fat in the abdomen) is associated with greater risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases than other adipose storage patterns (Pinnick et al., 2014) as it exacerbates metabolic disturbance (Hanley et al., 2004).…”