Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications

Abstract

Obesity is the accumulation of abnormal or excessive fat that may interfere with the maintenance of an optimal state of health. The excess of macronutrients in the adipose tissues stimulates them to release inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6, and reduces production of adiponectin, predisposing to a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress. The increased level of interleukin 6 stimulates the liver to synthesize and secrete C-reactive protein. As a risk factor, inflammation is an imbedded mechanism of developed cardiovascular diseases including coagulation, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. It is also associated with development of non-cardiovascular diseases such as psoriasis, depression, cancer, and renal diseases. On the other hand, a reduced level of adiponectin, a significant predictor of cardiovascular mortality, is associated with impaired fasting glucose, leading to type-2 diabetes development, metabolic abnormalities, coronary artery calcification, and stroke. Finally, managing obesity can help reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases and poor outcome via inhibiting inflammatory mechanisms.

Associations of Obesity With Incident Hospitalization Related to Peripheral Artery Disease and Critical Limb Ischemia in the ARIC Study

“…Second, adipose tissue alters coagulation and fibrinolysis cascades, and this leads to microcirculation obstruction 22. The prothrombotic diathesis associated with obesity may result in a dose‐dependent increase in platelet hyperaggregability, hypercoagulability, and hypofibrinolysis that could contribute to the development of CLI 21. Finally, systemic obesity is also associated with poor wound healing,11, 23 which may exacerbate the association between obesity and PAD with CLI that we report.…”

“…Adipose tissue has been associated with elevated levels of circulating IL‐6 (interleukin 6), TNF‐α (tumor necrosis factor α), and other proinflammatory cytokines 19. Although PAD without CLI and PAD with CLI likely share some of the proinflammatory profiles engendered by obesity, CLI may be the result of an accelerated or dose‐dependent inflammatory pathway that occurs to a higher burden of obesity 20, 21. Indeed, compared to patients with PAD without CLI, patients with PAD with CLI have been found to have higher circulating levels of inflammatory markers, including C‐reactive protein, several cytokines, and α‐defensin 10.…”

Serum Calprotectin Level in Children: Marker of Obesity and its Metabolic Complications

“…In recent years, there has been increasing appreciation of obesity as a state of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue [26,27]. Excess adipose tissues determine the release of a variety of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines.…”

The role of curcumin in liver diseases

“…Considering that adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, have an important role in regulation adipocyte energy metabolism [77,78], curcumin has anti-diabetic effects through the suppression of NF-kB in adipocytes and the reduction of NF-kB-regulated adipokines. So, curcumin has anti-diabetic effects that could be considered as valuable targets for diabetes mellitus [79].…”