Obesity and Prediabetes are Jointly Associated with Lipid Abnormalities Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Obesity and prediabetes are common among adolescents; however, it is unclear whether they jointly influence lipid levels. Hence, this study sought to assess whether obesity and prediabetes independently or jointly influence lipid levels among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled school students aged 14-19 years (n = 1584). Body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-scores were estimated, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid profile were measured in capillary blood. Prediabetes was defined as 5.7≤ HbA1c% ≤6.4. Geometric means of lipids were calculated, and linear regression was used to estimate the ratio of geometric means (RoGM) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). All analyses were stratified by sex. Results: Of the total study participants, 52.1% (826/1584) were females and the majority were aged between 14.0 (5th percentile) and 18.0 (95th percentile) years. Based on BMI-forage categories, 356 (22.5%) and 494 (31.2%) participants were classified as overweight and obese, respectively. Moreover, 34.3% (543/1584) of the study participants met the prediabetes definition. Compared to those with normal BMI and no prediabetes (reference category), participants classified as obese and having prediabetes had elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC; RoGM=1.09, 95% CI: 1.06-1.13), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; 1.21, 1.13-1.29), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C; 1.20, 1.14-1.26), and triglycerides (TG; 1.18, 1.09-1.27) and reduced HDL-C (0.91, 0.88-0.95) levels. Independent of prediabetes, obesity was associated with all the investigated lipids. Prediabetes alone was associated with reduced levels of LDL-C and increased levels of HDL-C only among females. Conclusion: Obesity independently and in combination with prediabetes demonstrated unfavorable effects on lipids among male and female adolescents, whereas prediabetes independently influenced LDL-C and HDL-C favorably only among females.

The Influence of Obesity and IL-6 on Infertile Iraqi Women with COVID-19 Complications

“…They discovered that obese people have higher levels of TGs, TC, VLDL, LDL, and lower levels of HDL when compared to non-obese people as seen in table 2. This is also supported by Amari et al 15 .…”

Evaluation of the relationship between oral glucose tolerance test, blood sugar levels and cholesterol levels in prediabetic individuals

“…The study by Almari et al focused on adolescent participants aged 14-19 years to examine the independent and combined effects of obesity and prediabetes on lipid levels. 14 According to their results, obesity was associated with all investigated lipid levels independent of prediabetes. Decreased HDL-C and increased LDL-C were found to be associated with prediabetes independent of obesity.…”

Sex Differences in the Association of Sibship Size and Position in Sibship with Lipid Profile during Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…However, 375 subjects did not meet the inclusion criteria of the present study (97 subjects were classified to have prediabetes, 17 subjects had undiagnosed diabetes, and 261 subjects did not have their lipids measured because of the unavailability of the lipid panel test discs). Nonetheless, we have shown in a previous study that the analyzed sample ( n = 1584) did not differ from the total enrolled sample ( n = 1959) [ 33 ], and hence, selection bias is not a major source of concern. Moreover, we acknowledge the fact that our study might have been statistically underpowered to detect statistically significant interaction terms at significance level of 0.05.…”

“…Information on the child's number of total, older, and younger siblings born to the same mother, mode of delivery, ever breastfed as an infant, maternal and paternal education level, household secondhand smoke exposure, and maternal and paternal history of doctor-diagnosed diabetes was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that was completed by parents as described in details previously [ 26 , 33 ]. The child was considered to have a parental history of diabetes if the mother and/or father ever reported a history of doctor-diagnosed diabetes.…”