Obesity and type 2 diabetes

Maggio, Carol A.; Pi‐Sunyer, F. Xavier

doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00071-9

Cited by 295 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…In fact, the increasing trend in children's and adolescents' obesity has raised the annual obesity-related hospital costs for this part of the population to $127 million per year. Obesity is also associated with increased risk of reduced life expectancy as well as with serious health problems such as type 2 diabetes (Ford et al, 1997;Maggio and Pi-Sunyer, 2003), heart disease (Li et al, 2006;Calabr et al, 2009) and certain cancers (Abu-Abid et al, 2002;Calle, 2007), making obesity a real public health challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer effects, fast food consumption and adolescent weight gain

Fortin

Yazbeck

2015

Journal of Health Economics

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This paper aims at opening the black box of peer effects in adolescent weight gain. Using Add Health data on secondary schools in the U.S., we investigate whether these effects partly flow through the eating habits channel. Adolescents are assumed to interact through a friendship social network. We first propose a social interaction model of fast food consumption. Our approach allows to control for correlated effects at the network level and to solve the simultaneity (reflection) problem. We exploit results by Bramoullé, Djebbari and Fortin (2009) which show that if there are two agents who are separated by a link of distance 3 within a network (i.e., two adolescents who are not friends but are linked by two friends), peer effects are identified. The model is estimated using maximum likelihood and generalized 2SLS strategies. We also estimate a panel dynamic weight gain production function relating an adolescent's Body Mass Index (BMI) to his current fast food consumption and his lagged BMI level. Results show that there are positive significant peer effects in fast food consumption among adolescents belonging to a same friendship school network. The estimated social multiplier is 1.59. Our results also suggest that, at the network level, an extra day of weekly fast food restaurant visits increases BMI by 2.4%, when peer effects are taken into account.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer effects, fast food consumption and adolescent weight gain

Fortin

Yazbeck

2015

Journal of Health Economics

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“…In addition, duration of obesity increased the risk for development of DM in humans (23). There was a fourfold increase in the relative risk of the development of T2DM in human subjects who showed severe obesity (BMI !…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NHPs frequently develop spontaneous obesity, metabolic syndrome, and T2DM (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) with characteristics that are extraordinarily like those of humans (25). The present colony of rhesus monkeys has been studied longitudinally for many years under constant dietary, activity, and environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal dynamics of body weight change in the development of type 2 diabetes

Hansen

Newcomb

Ren

et al. 2013

Obesity

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Objective: The aim of this study was to test the obesity-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) link in the context of longitudinal changes in body weight during the progression to diabetes in mature adult nonhuman primates (NHP). Design and Methods: A colony of 245 adult rhesus monkeys aged 8-41 years with 179 males were used to define overweight in males as a body weight: !13.5 kg or body fat (BF) !18% and obesity as !16.5 kg or BF !27%, and overweight in nonpregnant females was identified as a body weight >8.5 kg or BF >21% and obesity as !10.5 kg or BF !30%. A subgroup of 48 males (24 T2DM and 24 age-matched non-T2DM) males were studied before and following the onset of overt T2DM for the effects of changes in body weight and obesity in inducing this conversion to overt T2DM. Results: Three years before overt T2DM, mean body weight was 18.4 6 3.3 kg. The DM-destined group body weight was 3.2 6 1.1 kg greater and had a longer duration and greater severity of obesity, with peak body weight reached at 3.2 6 1.8 years before overt T2DM. At DM onset the two groups did not differ significantly in body weight or adiposity. Conclusions: The natural progression from pre-DM to overt T2DM is caused neither by the amount of excess body weight at DM onset nor by the proximate increases in body weight/adiposity during the pre-DM period of impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity was, however, essential preceding all NHP cases that developed T2DM.

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“…Obesity is a major independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is also associated with the rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes [1,2]. The majority of patients (> 80%) diagnosed with T2DM are overweight [body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m 2 ], and roughly 50% are obese (BMI > 30 kg/m 2 ) and almost 10% are morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kg/m 2 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This twin epidemic of obesity and diabetes has serious consequences with increased cardiovascular morbidity and premature mortality. However, studies have shown that weight loss, even when modest, can reduce the incidence of T2DM in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and improve blood glucose control (and other cardiovascular risk factors) in patients with T2DM, while marked weight loss can even lead to resolution/remission of diabetes [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bariatric surgery in patients with Type 2 diabetes: benefits, risks, indications and perspectives

Scheen

Flines

Roover³

et al. 2009

Diabetes & Metabolism

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Obesity plays a key role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and weight loss is a major objective, although difficult to achieve with medical treatments. Bariatric surgery has proven its efficacy in obtaining marked and sustained weight loss, and is also associated with a significant improvement in glucose control and even diabetes remission. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass appears to be more effective in diabetic patients than the restrictive gastroplasty procedure. This may be explained not only by greater weight reduction, but also by specific hormonal changes. Indeed, increased levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) may lead to improved β-cell function and insulin secretion as well as reduced insulin resistance associated with weight loss. The presence of T2DM in obese individuals is a further argument to propose bariatric surgery, and even more so when diabetes is difficult to manage by medical means and other weight-related complications are present. Bariatric surgery is associated with a better cardiovascular prognosis and reduced mortality, even though acute and long-term complications may occur. The observation that surgical rerouting of nutrients triggers changes in the release of incretin hormones that, in turn, ameliorate the diabetic state in the absence of weight loss has led to the recent development of innovative surgical procedures. Thus, bariatric surgery may be said to be progressing towards so-called 'metabolic surgery', which merits further evaluation in patients with T2DM within a multidisciplinary approach that involves both surgeons and endocrinologists.Keywords : Bariatric surgery ; Gastric bypass ; Gastroplasty ; Obesity ; Type 2 diabetes ; Review RésuméChirurgie bariatrique chez les patients atteints de diabète de type 2: bénéfices, risques, indications et perspectives L'obésité joue un rôle-clé dans la physiopathologie du diabète de type 2 (DT2) et l'obtention d'une perte de poids est un objectif majeur, bien que difficile à atteindre avec les moyens médicaux. La chirurgie bariatrique a apporté la preuve de son efficacité pour induire un amaigrissement marqué et soutenu, qui s'accompagne d'une amélioration du contrôle glycémique et assez souvent d'une remission du diabète. La dérivation gastrique avec l'anse de Roux-en-Y apparaît être plus efficace chez les patients diabétiques que la simple technique restrictive qu'est la gastroplastie calibrée. Ceci peut s'expliquer non seulement par une perte pondérale supérieure, mais aussi par des modifications hormonales spécifiques. En effet, une augmentation des concentrations de GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) et de GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) avec la dérivation permet d'améliorer la fonction de la cellule β et la réponse insulinosécrétoire, en plus de la diminution de l'insulinorésistance consécutive à l'amaigrissement. La présence d'un DT2 chez un sujet obèse est un argument supplémentaire pour proposer une chirurgie bariatrique, d'autant plus qu...

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Obesity and type 2 diabetes

Cited by 295 publications

References 69 publications

Peer effects, fast food consumption and adolescent weight gain

Peer effects, fast food consumption and adolescent weight gain

Longitudinal dynamics of body weight change in the development of type 2 diabetes

Bariatric surgery in patients with Type 2 diabetes: benefits, risks, indications and perspectives

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