Obesity and Wound Healing: Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

Chronic wounds represent nowadays a major challenge for both clinicians and researchers in the regenerative setting. Obesity represents one of the major comorbidities in patients affected by chronic ulcers and therefore diverse studies aimed at assessing possible links between these two morbid conditions are currently ongoing. In particular, adipose tissue has recently been described as having metabolic and endocrine functions rather than serving as a mere fat storage deposit. In this setting, adipose-derived stem cells, a peculiar subset of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) located in adipose tissue, have been demonstrated to possess regenerative and immunological functions with a key role in regulating both adipocyte function and skin regeneration. The aim of the present review is to give an overview of the most recent findings on wound healing, with a special focus on adipose tissue biology and obesity.

Effect of Moringa Flower Extract (Moringa Oleifera) on Collagenization and Histopathology of Skin Tissue in the Healing of Dermapen Scars in Obese Male Wistar White Rats

“…The keratinocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells that make up the healing process begin to work once damage has occurred. This process includes repairing and replacing damaged tissue and restoring the epithelial layer [10].Chronic wounds that don't heal can be caused by several causes, including infection, age, stress, diet, drugs, sex hormones, obesity, diabetes, and venous or arterial disease [11]. When a person's caloric intake is higher than their energy expenditure, a condition known as obesity can impede wound healing [13].…”

“…Nevertheless, there is evidence that brown adipocytes can emerge in white adipocytes in reaction to certain thermogenic stimuli. This suggests that the brown-white divide is more fluid than previously thought and casts doubt on the static categorization of adipose tissue subtypes [11].Physiologic wound healing can be significantly impaired due to the various inherent dangers associated with obesity. One example is the correlation between obesity and venous insufficiency, the leading cause of persistent ulcers.…”

“…Thus, the wound might reopen. Restoring sustained functional and anatomical continuity characterizes a healable wound that falls somewhere between these extremes [3].Impairments in the woundhealing process can occur for various reasons, including but not limited to infection, pollution, age, stress, oxygen, diet, medicine, sex hormones, obesity, diabetes, and venous or arterial disease [11]. The healing process of wounds can be slowed or even halted by obesity.When fat stores in the body become excessive, a condition known as obesity develops [12].…”

“…Further, the potential for natural medicinal uses and the ease of obtaining them from natural sources contribute to the widespread preference for genuine goods. For this reason, natural remedies have great promise as wound-healing agents [11].Plants and other natural resources are the basis for active pharmaceutical medications because of their abundance of bioactive components.…”

Nrf2 activation by hydroxytyrosol and dimethyl fumarate ameliorates skin tissue repair in high‐fat diet‐fed mice by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and normalizing inflammatory response and oxidative damage

“…[2] Vascular insufficiency, peripheral neuropathy, and altered skin barrier induced by obesity lead to wound-healing disorders that have significant clinical and social impacts in a patient's life. [3,4] High-fat diets (HFD) increase inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative damage in skin rodent wounds leading to an impairment of collagen deposition and wound closure. [4][5][6][7] Thus, diet supplementation with components that reduce oxidative damage and inflammation may be a valuable therapeutic strategy to improve skin tissue repair in obesity, like activators of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).…”