Obesity Pillars Roundtable: Body mass index and body composition in Black and Female individuals. Race-relevant or racist? Sex-relevant or sexist?

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiometabolic risk: An Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Clinical Practice Statement (CPS) 2023

“…7 ). The determination of energy (i.e., fat) storage distribution during positive caloric balance within the individual is dependent upon such factors as age [ 14 ], sex [ 14 ], race [ 14 ], genetics, medications (e.g., hormones, thiazolidinediones [ 98 ]), and concurrent illnesses (e.g., lipodystrophy). In general, among patients with overweight/pre-obesity and/or obesity undergoing weight reduction interventions, subcutaneous adipose tissue undergoes the greatest absolute amount of fat mass reduction through healthful nutrition, routine physical activity, anti-obesity medications, and bariatric surgery, largely because subcutaneous adipose tissue usually makes up most body fat (i.e., 90% or more).…”

“…Among the adiposopathic consequences of obesity [ 2 ] are elevated blood glucose, that clinically manifest as prediabetes and T2DM [ 10 ]. T2DM is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); CVD (and cancer) are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with obesity and T2DM [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ]. Among patients with T2DM [90% with overweight/pre-obesity or obesity ( https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/risks-complications.html )], some anti-diabetes medications may reduce blood glucose, produce clinically meaningful body weight reduction, and reduce the risk of CVD [ 15 , 16 ].…”

“… 3. CVD (and cancer) are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among patients with obesity and T2DM [ [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ]. 4.…”

Obesity and hypertension: Obesity medicine association (OMA) clinical practice statement (CPS) 2023

“…Genetic predisposition to higher blood pressure may be an independent risk factor for hypertension and incident hypertension among those of Asian descent [ 120 ], with the caveat being that many of the identified genetic polymorphism markers of hypertension being derived from European and East Asian populations [ 121 ]. While some argue that race is a “social construct and not a defining biology [ 122 ],” African Americans and other people of African descent have a higher incidence of hypertension and related comorbidities compared to White individuals, with several identifiable genes helping to potentially account for racial differences regarding hypertension [ 123 ]. Regarding perceived racial discrimination and hypertension, the reported association is variable [ [124] , [125] , [126] , [127] , [128] ], with challenges regarding methodology of analyses, and likely most applicable when examined on an individual basis.…”

Obesity, thrombosis, venous disease, lymphatic disease, and lipedema: An obesity medicine association (OMA) clinical practice statement (CPS) 2023

“…In addition to Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) Position Statements [ 1 , 2 ], the OMA has published a series of Clinical Practice Statements, reviews, and round-table discussions regarding obesity-related diagnostic and treatment consideration of cardiometabolic topics such as nutrition [ 3 ], physical activity [ 3 ], pediatrics [ [4] , [5] , [6] ], race/ethnicities [ [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] ], body composition [ 11 , 12 ], behavior modification [ 13 ], anti-obesity medications [ [14] , [15] , [16] ], concomitant medications [ 17 ], diabetes mellitus [ 18 ], hypertension [ 19 ], mental stress [ 20 ], sleep apnea [ 21 ], and bariatric surgery [ 22 ]. This OMA Clinical Practice Statement explores the relationship between obesity and thrombosis, venous disease, lymphatic disease, and lipedema.…”