Obesity subtypes, related biomarkers & heterogeneity

Abstract

Obesity is a serious medical condition worldwide, which needs new approaches and recognized international consensus in treating diseases leading to morbidity. The aim of this review was to examine heterogeneous links among the various phenotypes of obesity in adults. Proteins and associated genes in each group were analysed to differentiate between biomarkers. A variety of terms for classification and characterization within this pathology are currently in use; however, there is no clear consensus in terminology. The most significant groups reviewed include metabolically healthy obese, metabolically abnormal obese, metabolically abnormal, normal weight and sarcopenic obese. These phenotypes do not define particular genotypes or epigenetic gene regulation, or proteins related to inflammation. There are many other genes linked to obesity, though the value of screening all of those for diagnosis has low predictive results, as there are no significant biomarkers. It is important to establish a consensus in the terminology used and the characteristics attributed to obesity subtypes. The identification of specific molecular biomarkers is also required for better diagnosis in subtypes of obesity.

Changes in serum TG levels during pregnancy and their association with postpartum hypertriglyceridemia: a population-based prospective cohort study

“…Overweight or obesity originates from nutrient excess, which is always accompanied by increased serum lipids [ 25 ]. Adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance promote the esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) into TGs, which in turn increases fat storage and aggravates obesity [ 26 ]. The vicious cycle restrains the recovery of elevated gestational TG after delivery for obese women.…”

Charting the Unknown Association of COVID-19 with Thyroid Cancer, Focusing on Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Call for Caution

“…A barrier to this perspective is the significant heterogeneity of the metabolic profile of obese individuals, integrating genetic, epigenetic, socio-economic, and environmental factors [ 11 ]. Establishment of a universal terminology of distinct subgroups of obese patients, and validation of corresponding classification markers and indices is mandatory to identify differences between metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy obese individuals [ 113 , 114 , 115 ]. To combat the growing rates of obesity worldwide, nominated as “globesity” [ 116 ], medical authorities and policy makers need to intensify their coordinated actions to implement integrated and intersectoral health strategies [ 117 , 118 ].…”

The New Role of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Regulating Fat Metabolism and Energy Expenditure in Adipose Tissue

“…Excessive accumulation of fat in the body is the main feature of obesity, which is caused by a body energy intake larger than body energy consumption. Obesity has become an increasingly severe global public health problem, due to its high incidence and the complexity of its related diseases, such as T2DM, liver steatosis, cardiovascular disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, hypertension, gallbladder problems, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer (endometrium, breast, ovary, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon) [ 1 ].…”