Obesity, underweight and BMI distribution characteristics of children by gross national income and income inequality: results from an international survey

Murphy, Rinki; Stewart, Alistair; Hancox, Robert J.; Wall, Clare; Braithwaite, Irene; Beasley, Richard; Mitchell, Edwin A.

doi:10.1002/osp4.169

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Factors such as overconsumption of food among children in higher socioeconomic families in developing countries leads to the risk of excessive weight gain [36]. Economic wealth and income inequalities also impact childhood development as they usually use private transportation rather than walking and engage in sedentary entertainment such as video games, which influence their energy balance [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children

Shen

Bernabé

Sabbah

2020

IJERPH

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Background: This study aimed at assessing socioeconomic inequalities in the increment of dental caries and growth among preschool Chinese children, and to assess the best predictor of socioeconomic inequality for each of these conditions. Methods: This is a longitudinal population-based study. The sample data included preschool children living in three cities of the Liaoning Province, China. At baseline, 15 kindergartens with 1111 participants were included and dropped to 772 with a response rate of 70% at follow-up. Mean ages at baseline and follow-up were 50.82 and 60.55 months, respectively. Median follow-up time was 10.12 months. Data were collected through structured questionnaire, oral examination and anthropometric measurement. The questionnaire collected information on sex, age, family income, mother’s education and children’s dietary habits. The numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was used to indicate dental caries. Weight- and height-for-age z-scores were calculated using the WHO Growth Standard. Multilevel analysis was used to assess the association between baseline socioeconomic position and each of dental caries and child’s growth. Results: Mother’s education was negatively associated with increments of DMFT. Family income was not significantly associated with DMFT in the fully adjusted model. The association persisted after accounting for other socioeconomic and dietary factors. Higher income was positively related to an increase in the weight-for-age z-score. The relationship between income and changes in the height-for-age z-score was positive and significant in the second highest income group. Conclusions: Mother’s education appeared to be the strongest predictor of increments of dental caries. Only income was significantly associated with an increase in children’s weight and height.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children

Shen

Bernabé

Sabbah

2020

IJERPH

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“…Similarly, Beal et al [20] have recently found that higher per capita income was linked to a greater prevalence of childhood excess weight in Vietnam. Thus, income inequality could affect childhood obesity, through an increase in excessive food intake, as well as in a more sedentary lifestyle which could favour the development of overweight/obesity [1,53,54]. However, caution is needed when interpreting the results because of certain aspects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, these authors used different criteria to determine per capita income, as well as different cut-off points. Third, the per capita income indicator may vary depending on the analysed country and presents certain limitations to describe wealth inequalities (e.g., gross national income or Gini index) [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociodemographic Correlates of Obesity among Spanish Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2020

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Some studies have been conducted in order to assess the association between weight status (assessed by body mass index) and socio-demographic factors. Nevertheless, only a few of them have indicated these associations by other anthropometric parameters (e.g., skinfolds). The aim of this study was to determine, compare, and examine the influence of age, sex, type of the schooling, per capita income, area of residence, and immigrant status on obesity parameters in schoolchildren aged 6–13 from the Region of Murcia. A cross-sectional study was carried out in six different Primary schools of the Region of Murcia (Spain). A total sample of 370 children (166 girls) aged 6–13 (8.7 ± 1.8) were selected. In order to determine participants’ body composition, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and skinfold measurements were calculated. Higher associations of excess of weight (OR = 1.96; 95%CI = 1.19–3.20) and abdominal obesity (OR = 3.12; 95CI% = 1.49–6.94) were shown in the case of children from public schools. A greater association of high trunk fat mass was found in children from municipalities with high per capita income (OR = 3.20; 95%CI = 1.05–9.77). Therefore, lower association of having an inadequate %BF was found in the participants aged 6–9 (OR = 0.38; 95%CI = 0.24–0.54), and immigrant students (OR = 2.63; 95%CI = 1.69–4.10). Our study suggested that overweight/obesity among schoolchildren in the Region of Murcia is higher than the overall prevalence of Spain. The results of the adjusted analyses showed that age, type of schooling, per capita income, and immigrant status were associated with obesity parameters.

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“…Data from the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in the period 1989 to 2011 showed that an increased Gini index was associated with higher risks of having abnormal obesity [30]. Among 205,388 girls aged 13–14 years from 36 countries, those from higher income inequality countries had a greater median BMI [31]. BMI was closely correlated to CRF among children and adolescents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Cardiorespiratory Fitness between Chinese and Japanese Children and Adolescents

Yang

Yin

Liu

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Background: This study aimed to compare the difference in cardiorespiratory fitness between Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents. Methods: Participants comprised 9025 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years from China and Japan. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was measured by performance in the 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) and estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Differences in CRF between countries were evaluated by t-tests. Centile curves for the 20mSRT and VO2max values were constructed for Chinese and Japanese children and adolescents, respectively, using the Lambda Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. Results: (1) For most of the age groups, the 20mSRT and VO2max performances among Chinese participants were lower than among Japanese participants. (2) Japanese children had the most apparent gains in P10, P50, and P90 VO2max values in primary school; however, they gradually decreased in middle school. For Chinese girls, the P10, P50, and P90 VO2max values decreased gradually with age. (3) The VO2max value among Japanese children increased; however, it decreased or remained flat among Chinese children in primary school. Conclusions: CRF among Chinese participants was lower than among Japanese participants while the VO2max value showed different trends in primary school. Effective measures should be taken to improve CRF among children and adolescents.

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Obesity, underweight and BMI distribution characteristics of children by gross national income and income inequality: results from an international survey

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children

The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children

Sociodemographic Correlates of Obesity among Spanish Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study

Differences in Cardiorespiratory Fitness between Chinese and Japanese Children and Adolescents

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