2021
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126619
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Objective and Measurable Biomarkers in Chronic Subjective Tinnitus

Abstract: Tinnitus is associated with increased social costs and reduced quality of life through sleep disorders or psychological distress. The pathophysiology of chronic subjective tinnitus, which accounts for most tinnitus, has not been clearly elucidated. This is because chronic subjective tinnitus is difficult to evaluate objectively, and there are no objective markers that represent the diagnosis or therapeutic effect of tinnitus. Based on the results of studies on patients with chronic subjective tinnitus, objecti… Show more

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Cited by 20 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…No consistent effects were found for the other blood parameters studied, partially in contrast to previous tinnitus research (see Haider et al, 2021 ; Kang et al, 2021 ). For the inflammatory markers IL-6, CRP, and NLR, no associations were found with psychological or audiological tinnitus-related variables.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…No consistent effects were found for the other blood parameters studied, partially in contrast to previous tinnitus research (see Haider et al, 2021 ; Kang et al, 2021 ). For the inflammatory markers IL-6, CRP, and NLR, no associations were found with psychological or audiological tinnitus-related variables.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 99%
“…Immunological disturbances in tinnitus ( Szczepek and Mazurek, 2017 ; Haider et al, 2021 ; Kang et al, 2021 ) might represent a possible link between bothersome tinnitus and depression/anxiety. Immune alterations in chronic tinnitus have not yet been studied extensively, but some previous findings include increased inflammatory parameters such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR; Ozbay et al, 2015 ; Yildiz et al, 2020 ; Demir, 2021 ) and positive associations between tinnitus-related distress and TNF-α ( Szczepek et al, 2014 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biomarker research for chronic tinnitus is still in its infancy [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], yet a role of vascular risk factors and inflammatory processes has been suggested [ 13 , 14 ]. Other studies investigated cytokine changes [ 15 ], mean platelet volumes (MPV), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLR) with inconclusive results.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Regarding biological underpinnings of perceived stress, Juster et al [ 40 ] proposed 26 putative biomarkers that included immune, vascular-metabolic and oxidative parameters that were also denoted as possible transdiagnostic markers across various psychological conditions [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. In this vain, biomarker candidates that were identified in patients with chronic tinnitus, and that relate to cardiovascular, inflammatory, or immune-related processes [ 12 ], may or may not overlap with biomarkers of perceived stress.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…CRP levels are increased in patients with several diseases such as cancer, HIV, or cardiovascular diseases and elevated CRP levels are related with higher mortality (Li et al, 2017 ). Furthermore, there is first evidence that CRP levels are increased in chronic tinnitus (Kang et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%