Objective Measurement of Social Gaze and Smile Behaviors in Children with Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder During Administration of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition

Ahn, Yeojin Amy; Moffitt, Jacquelyn; Tao, Yudong; Custode, Stephanie; Parladé, Meaghan V.; Beaumont, Amy L.; Cardona, Sandra M.; Hale, Melissa N.; Durocher, Jennifer; Alessandri, Michael; Shyu, Mei‐Ling; Perry, Lynn K.; Messinger, Daniel S.

doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05990-z

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 52 publications

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“…The development of automated measurement methods trained with diverse samples in diverse settings is imperative for improving the objectivity and generalizability of automated measurement methods. Potential applications include infant temperament assessments and clinical protocols for assessing behavioral indicators of disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (Ahn et al, 2023;Carpenter et al, 2021).…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated measurement of infant and mother Duchenne facial expressions in the Face‐to‐Face/Still‐Face

Ahn

Ertuğrul

Chow

et al. 2023

Infancy

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Although still‐face effects are well‐studied, little is known about the degree to which the Face‐to‐Face/Still‐Face (FFSF) is associated with the production of intense affective displays. Duchenne smiling expresses more intense positive affect than non‐Duchenne smiling, while Duchenne cry‐faces express more intense negative affect than non‐Duchenne cry‐faces. Forty 4‐month‐old infants and their mothers completed the FFSF, and key affect‐indexing facial Action Units (AUs) were coded by expert Facial Action Coding System coders for the first 30 s of each FFSF episode. Computer vision software, automated facial affect recognition (AFAR), identified AUs for the entire 2‐min episodes. Expert coding and AFAR produced similar infant and mother Duchenne and non‐Duchenne FFSF effects, highlighting the convergent validity of automated measurement. Substantive AFAR analyses indicated that both infant Duchenne and non‐Duchenne smiling declined from the FF to the SF, but only Duchenne smiling increased from the SF to the RE. In similar fashion, the magnitude of mother Duchenne smiling changes over the FFSF were 2–4 times greater than non‐Duchenne smiling changes. Duchenne expressions appear to be a sensitive index of intense infant and mother affective valence that are accessible to automated measurement and may be a target for future FFSF research.

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Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated measurement of infant and mother Duchenne facial expressions in the Face‐to‐Face/Still‐Face

Ahn

Ertuğrul

Chow

et al. 2023

Infancy

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“You should smile more”: Population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic people

Zampella,

Parish-Morris,

Foy

et al. 2024

Autism

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Societal expectations for social-emotional behavior differ across sexes; however, diagnostic definitions of autism do not account for this when delineating “typical” versus “atypical.” This study examines sex differences in autism in one behavior associated with strong gender biases: smiling. Computer vision was used to quantify smiling in 60 autistic (20 female) and 67 neurotypical (25 female) youth during conversations. Effects of sex and diagnosis were examined on degree of smiling, smile prototypicality, changes in smiling, and impact of smiling on interaction quality. Sex differences in smiling persisted across diagnosis groups: females smiled more than males, and their smiles were more prototypical. Autistic youth smiled less, and less prototypically, than neurotypical youth, with no sex by diagnosis interactions. In autism, the association between smile activity and interaction quality approached statistical significance, seemingly driven by autistic males but not females. Findings are consistent with population trends for females to smile more during social exchanges and “display rules” requiring more positive expressivity from females. Autism has historically been defined based on differences between autistic and neurotypical males. Failure to acknowledge sex-based differences in social-emotional behavior may leave some females appearing to have fewer autistic traits, increasing their risk of being under-identified and misunderstood.

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Objective Measurement of Social Gaze and Smile Behaviors in Children with Suspected Autism Spectrum Disorder During Administration of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition

Cited by 2 publications

References 52 publications

Automated measurement of infant and mother Duchenne facial expressions in the Face‐to‐Face/Still‐Face

Automated measurement of infant and mother Duchenne facial expressions in the Face‐to‐Face/Still‐Face

“You should smile more”: Population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic people

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