Obligatory Nasal Turbulence as a Trigger for the Development of Posterior Nasal Fricatives in a Child With Repaired Cleft Palate

Zajac, David J.

doi:10.1177/1055665618805889

The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal

2018

DOI: 10.1177/1055665618805889

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Obligatory Nasal Turbulence as a Trigger for the Development of Posterior Nasal Fricatives in a Child With Repaired Cleft Palate

David J. Zajac

Abstract: Posterior nasal fricatives (PNFs) are unusual articulations that occur in some children with and without cleft palate. The etiology of PNFs is unclear. A young girl with repaired cleft palate is described who exhibited inconsistent obligatory nasal turbulence during production of stops at 2 years of age. At 3 years of age, she exhibited various phonological processes and used PNFs to replace sibilants and affricates. Pressure-flow testing showed a relatively small velopharyngeal area during production of stops… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

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Submucous Cleft Palate: Evaluation and Treatment Principles for Speech-Language Pathologists

Schenck

2020

Perspect ASHA SIGs

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Purpose This clinical focus article intends to provide speech-language pathologists (SLPs) with a review of the literature and practical recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of individuals with submucous cleft palate (SMCP). Method A review of the literature focused on definition, incidence, and diagnostic recommendations for SMCP was completed. Descriptions of physical and auditory–perceptual features common during evaluation were described in detail. Guiding principles for clinical management related to surgery and/or speech therapy were provided. Results Several discrepancies in the definition, incidence, and outcomes across SMCP studies were discovered in the literature. The importance of a comprehensive perceptual evaluation, including an oral mechanism examination by an SLP trained in the assessment of individuals with craniofacial anomalies, was emphasized. Conclusions SMCP is a less understood subtype of cleft palate that presents a unique challenge for clinicians. A trained SLP's comprehensive perceptual evaluation and thorough oral mechanism examination are critical for diagnosis and treatment. SLPs can promote best practice for this population by initiating referrals to an accredited cleft palate–craniofacial team for further evaluation of their speech and assessment of surgical candidacy.

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Submucous Cleft Palate: Evaluation and Treatment Principles for Speech-Language Pathologists

Schenck

2020

Perspect ASHA SIGs

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Development and Resolution of Nasal Fricatives in a Child With Repaired Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Case Report

2021

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Purpose This case report describes the development, characteristics, and resolution of anterior nasal fricatives (ANFs)—a learned maladaptive articulation error—in a young girl with repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate. Method The girl was observed every 2 months from 12 to 24 months of age with follow-ups at 36, 48, and 67 months of age. Results At 12 months of age, the girl nasalized /b/ inconsistently and had mild conductive hearing loss. At 18 months of age, she exhibited audible nasal air emission on some plosives and used ANFs to replace /s/ and /z/, often with a nasal grimace. At 24 months of age, the child continued to experience mild conductive hearing loss, obligatory nasal air emission, and ANFs for /s/ and /z/. At 36 months of age, pressure-flow testing documented significant velopharyngeal (VP) dysfunction. The girl then used ANFs for /f/ and /s/, phonetically marked by different oral stops. At 48 months of age, although VP impairment continued, speech therapy largely eliminated ANFs. By 67 months of age, VP closure was nearly normal. Conclusions Multiple factors including VP dysfunction, audible nasal air emission, and conductive hearing loss contributed to the development of ANFs. Clinical and etiological implications are discussed.

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Compensatory Articulation Errors in Patients With Velopharyngeal Dysfunction and Palatal Anomalies

Nachmani

Biadsee

Masalha

et al. 2022

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and types of compensatory articulations (CAs) in nonsyndromic patients with velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) and various palatal anomalies and to determine the relationship between the frequency of CAs, type of palatal anomaly, and phonological errors. Method: A total of 783 nonsyndromic, Hebrew-speaking patients with VPD and various palatal anomalies (cleft lip and palate [CLP], cleft palate [CP], submucous CP [SMCP], occult submucous CP [OSMCP], or non-CP) were studied retrospectively. Perceptual VPD tests, including articulation and phonological assessment, were conducted. CAs were described as below the level of the defect in the vocal tract (abnormal backing of oral targets to post-uvular place) or in front of it within the oral cavity (palatalization) and at the velopharyngeal port. Results: Among 783 patients, 213 (27.2%) had CAs. Most CAs (18.4%) occurred below the level of the defect, followed by CAs at the velopharyngeal port (12.0%) or in front of it (4.9%). No differences were found in the frequency of CAs between patients with CP (47.8%) or CLP (52.6%) and between those with non-CP (13.6%) or OSMCP (14.7%). SMCP patients had lower frequency of CAs (29.8%) than CP ( p = .003) and CLP ( p = .002) patients but higher frequency than OSMCP ( p = .002) and non-CP ( p = .002) patients did. Among the 783 patients, 247 (31.5%) had phonological errors. A higher frequency of phonological errors was found in patients with CAs (55.4%) compared to those without (22.6%) and in all palatal anomaly groups except CLP (31.4% vs. 23.9%). Conclusions: CAs in nonsyndromic patients with VPD remained relatively high in all age groups, up to adulthood. CAs are influenced by inadequate velar length following palatal repair, as well as by oral structural abnormalities, whereas poor muscle function due to OSMCP and/or abnormal size and/or shape of nasopharynx has less influence. Errors produced in front of the velopharyngeal port are influenced by the structural anomaly of CLP. This information may contribute to general phonetic and phonological theories and genetic investigations about CP anomalies.

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Obligatory Nasal Turbulence as a Trigger for the Development of Posterior Nasal Fricatives in a Child With Repaired Cleft Palate

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Submucous Cleft Palate: Evaluation and Treatment Principles for Speech-Language Pathologists

Submucous Cleft Palate: Evaluation and Treatment Principles for Speech-Language Pathologists

Development and Resolution of Nasal Fricatives in a Child With Repaired Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Case Report

Compensatory Articulation Errors in Patients With Velopharyngeal Dysfunction and Palatal Anomalies

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