Obscenity: Its frequency and context of usage as compared in males, nonfeminist females, and feminist females

Rating Offensive Words in Three Television Program Contexts

“…The finding that female participants overwhelmingly rated words more offensive is consistent with research on sex differences and profanity use. Women typically curse less than men and their attitude toward offensive language is generally more negative than that of men (Bate & Bowker, 1997;Jay, 1992;Rieber et al, 1979;Selnow, 1985).…”

“…Research about gender differences in response to swear words has found that women hold negative attitudes toward cursing in general (Jay, 1992; Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, 2005;Rieber, Wiedemann, & D'Amato, 1979;Risch, 1987;Selnow, 1985;Wajnryb, 2005). Although women are increasing their use of coarse language in everyday conversation, they are still less likely to use such words than men (Bate & Bowker, 1997;De Klerk, 1991;Hughes, 1998;Risch, 1987).…”

“…This method, where lists of words are presented to the participants, follows that used by language scholars (Driscoll, 1981;Jay, 1992;E. A. Mabry, 1975;Rieber et al, 1979;Selnow, 1985) when evaluating the tabooness of words or their frequency of use.…”

Swearing: A "Bad" Part of Language; A Good Part of Language Learning

“…According to many of the findings reported in the literature on gender differences in obscene language use (Rieber et al, 1979;Risch, 1987;Selnow, 1985), if there is any part of the English language in which analysts could compare and contrast gender-specific verbal behavior, no part would be as telling as obscene language. Not all researchers agree on the ways males and females use, perceive, and are affected by taboo language, but several patterns are noted in cursing practices that could largely be termed as femaleoriented or male-oriented.…”

Chinese Ma-Expletives as a Marker of Epistemic Primacy in Chongqingers’ Casual Conversations

“…Hughes, , 2006Jay, 1992Jay, , 2000Van Lancker & Cummings, 1999;Wajnryb, 2005;Landis, 2006;McEnery, 2006;Zimmerman & Stern, 2010). Previous studies have adequately explored the physiological and psychological causes of swearing (Rassin & Muris, 2005;Wajnryb, 2005;Zimmerman & Stern, 2010, p. 383), as well as the socio-cultural nature of swearing (Rieber, Wiedemann, & D'Amato, 1979;Selnow, 1985;Risch, 1987;S. E. Hughes, 1992;G.…”