Observation and measurement of the appearance of metallic materials. Part II. Micro appearance

Visual appearance measurement of surfaces containing pearl flakes

“…Regarding the texture, there are only a few studies on texture measurements of metallic or interference pigments [8][9][10][11]. Kirchner et al [8] investigated the diffuse coarseness (DC) and glint impression (GI) as the main visual texture components of metallic and pearlescent surface properties on the basis of an extensive literature survey on the visual texture of effect coatings.…”

“…The DC is the perceived contrast in the light/dark irregular pattern exhibited by effect coatings. The GI is the overall impression of several or many tiny light spots that are strikingly brighter than their surroundings [9]. A set of 398 panels having car colors (purely metallic panels containing aluminum flakes, purely pearlescent panels containing pearlescent flakes, and panels containing a mixture of metallic and pearlescent flakes) were used for a psychophysical experiment.…”

“…Therefore, visual appearance studies using real samples are required for industrial applications. However, because of the difficulty of preparing the samples, only a few studies using metallic or pearlescent materials are available [8][9][10][11], and they mainly focus on texture perception for quality control purposes. Therefore, further studies on visual appearance and appearance measurements are required for industries using pearlescent surfaces.…”

Assessing appearance and emotional attributes of coloured metallic paints

“…In recent years, because of their astonishing visual effects, coloured metallic paints have been extensively used for coating automobiles, construction materials and consumer electronics casings. Depending on the phenomena of light reflection, light refraction and light diffusion, coloured metallic paints can provide an abounding glossy and sparkling appearance from numerous angles [1,2]. Most metallic paints upon application to products show various visual effects such as metallic gloss, sparkling particles and pearlescence.…”

“…These appearance attributes can be categorised as components of the macroappearance of paints. In other words, they can be seen only beyond a certain distance or under light incident from a certain direction [1,2]. Recent studies have presented useful methods involving histogram processing of high dynamic range images [12] or multiangle measurement instruments for analysing paint appearances [13].…”