Observation of Canine Meibomian Gland with Noncontact-Type Meibography

Kitamura, Yasunari; Saito, Akihiko; Maehara, Seiya

doi:10.12935/jvma.67.857

Cited by 7 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the field of veterinary ophthalmology, we have previously examined morphological changes in canine MGs using noncontact infrared meibography as well as performed histological analysis for areas in which the morphological changes were observed . We found that the prevalence of gland shortening and dropout identified by meibography tended to increase with age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…MGs secrete lipids via a holocrine mechanism, whereby differentiated cells in MG lobules degenerate and release their lipid contents into the gland ducts, from where they are deposited at the ocular surface through the action of blinking. In our previous study, we compared abnormal findings of meibography with histopathologic analysis. Histological staining revealed that shortening of MGs as detected by meibography was associated with loss of lobular structure and the presence of multiple cysts likely reflecting ductal hyperplasia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Examination of all eyes with both desktop and mobile noncontact infrared meibography systems was achieved by manual restraint of each animal (Figure ). As we found previously, MGs were observed clearly by noncontact infrared meibography. Moreover, morphological abnormalities of MGs including shortening and dropout were also detected by noncontact infrared meibography (Figures , ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We thus found that the prevalence of MG dropout was significantly higher in eyes of the KCS group than in those of the control group. We previously applied noncontact infrared meibography to examine the morphology of MGs in apparently healthy Shih Tzu dogs aged from 4 months to 15 years . We divided the dogs into 3 groups on the basis of age <3 years old (young group), 3‐10 years old (middle‐aged group), or >10 years old (elderly group)—and we found that the prevalence of MG abnormalities was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the young group, suggesting that morphological abnormalities of MGs increase with age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Kitamura

Maehara

Nakade

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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ObjectiveTo investigate meibomian gland (MG) morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).ProceduresFourteen eyes of 12 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 10.7 years, range of 7‐13 years) presented to Yakumo Animal Hospital or Triangle Animal Eye Clinic from 2011 to 2017 with clinical signs and a Schirmer tear test (STT) result consistent with KCS (<10 mm/min) were examined. Twenty‐eight eyes of 16 Shih Tzu dogs (mean age of 12.4 years, range of 8 to 15 years) with a STT > 15 mm/min served as healthy controls. Both groups of dogs underwent routine slitlamp biomicroscopy followed by noncontact infrared meibography of the upper eyelid with both desktop‐type and mobile‐type systems.ResultsMeibography revealed morphological abnormalities of MGs in 13 eyes of 11 dogs with KCS. The abnormalities included gland shortening in 64% and gland dropout in 64% of the 14 eyes in the KCS group. Morphological changes were also observed in MGs of 16 eyes of 10 dogs in the control group. These changes included shortening in 46% and dropout in 17.8% of the 28 eyes in the control group. Dropout was significantly more common in eyes with KCS than in control eyes (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe frequency of MG abnormalities is increased in Shih Tzus with KCS compared with control animals. A reduced quality of the tear film associated with increased evaporation and reduced retention of tear fluid likely exacerbates the effects of a reduced tear volume in animals with aqueous deficiency.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Kitamura

Maehara

Nakade

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…[43][44][45] This important finding could be explained by three main factors: breed-related conformation, low conjunctival goblet cell density (reduced pre-ocular mucins) 16 and meibomian gland dysfunction (altered tear film lipids). 12,46 First, several anatomical features of Shih Tzu eyes (e.g., exophthalmos, macropalpebral fissure, and lagophthalmos) promote tear film evaporation owing to excessive exposure of the ocular surface. Second, a study by Lima et al showed reduced goblet cell density in the conjunctiva of Shih Tzu dogs when compared with previous reports.…”

Section: F I G U R E 3 Meanmentioning

confidence: 99%

An eye on the Shih Tzu dog: Ophthalmic examination findings and ocular surface diagnostics

Sebbag

Silva

Santos

et al. 2022

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To characterize the ocular surface parameters and determine the prevalence of ocular pathology in Shih Tzu dogs. Animal Studied Fifty Shih Tzu dogs (28 male, 22 female). Procedures Each dog underwent a complete ophthalmic examination (recording any pathology) and a series of diagnostics, allowing for a 10 min‐interval between tests: intraocular pressure (IOP), blink rate, palpebral fissure length (PFL), corneal tactile sensation (CTS), Schirmer tear test and nasolacrimal reflex without (STT‐1, NL‐STT1) and with topical anesthesia (STT‐2, NL‐STT2), tear ferning, strip meniscometry test (SMT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and punctate fluorescein staining (PFS) of the cornea. Results Mean ± SD test values were as follows: IOP (17.9 ± 3.7 mmHg), blink rate (2.4 ± 1.4 blinks/min), PFL (23.8 ± 1.8 mm), CTS (1.8 ± 0.7 cm), STT‐1 (22.0 ± 5.5 mm/min), NL‐STT1 (24.2 ± 4.7 mm/min), STT‐2 (16.9 ± 6.5 mm/min), NL‐STT2 (18.5 ± 7.5 mm/min), SMT (7.5 ± 3.5 mm/5 s), TFBUT (5.3 ± 2.4 s), tear ferning (1.3 ± 0.7), and PFS (1.6 ± 0.6). PFL was significantly greater in male vs. female Shih Tzus (p< .001). Age was negatively correlated with TFBUT results (r = −0.31, p = .027). Lagophthalmos was observed in 82% eyes. Ocular surface pathology was common, including adnexal abnormalities (100% eyes with caruncular trichiasis and medial lower lid entropion) and corneal opacification (27% pigmentation, 20% fibrosis, 12% neovascularization). Conclusions Qualitative tear film deficiency (low TFBUT), along with several anatomical abnormalities that promote ocular irritation and reduce globe protection, together help explain the concerningly high prevalence of ocular surface disease in the Shih Tzu breed. Prophylactic measures (e.g., medial canthoplasty, topical lubrication) could be considered to improve ocular health in Shih Tzus.

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Correlation between meibomian gland dysfunction and sebaceous adenitis in dogs

Striuli,

Vandenabeele,

Nachtegaele

et al. 2024

Veterinary Dermatology

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BackgroundSebaceous adenitis (SA) is an immune‐mediated disease targeting the sebaceous glands. Meibomian gland dysfunction is a disease affecting meibomian glands with inflammatory features. Sebaceous and meibomian glands share anatomical, physiological and embryological similarities. The involvement of meibomian glands in dogs with SA is currently unknown.ObjectivesTo evaluate meibomian glands in dogs affected by SA and compare them with healthy dogs.AnimalsEighteen dogs were enrolled. Nine dogs with SA were retrospectively identified from clinical records and represented the case group. Nine healthy, breed‐ and age‐matched dogs were prospectively enrolled in the control group.Materials and MethodsBoth groups underwent dermatological examination, Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), tear meniscus height (TMH), slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, interferometry (INT) and noncontact infrared meibography (NIM).ResultsOne third of SA dogs presented subepithelial crystalline opacities. No significant difference between groups was observed in TMH (p = 0.944) and STT‐1 values (p = 0.066). INT (p = 0.016) and NIM grades (p = 0.010) were significantly higher and lower in the SA group compared to the control group, respectively. INT values decreased with age (η = 0.930), while NIM scores (η = 0.935) increased.ConclusionsClinical Relevance: Subepithelial crystalline opacities in SA dogs might reflect a reduced tear film quality. In the absence of standardised methods, INT and NIM proved to be noninvasive and useful methods to examine meibomian glands. Dogs with SA showed a thinner lacrimal lipid layer and more severe meibomian gland abnormalities than control dogs, which seemed to progress with age.

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Observation of Canine Meibomian Gland with Noncontact-Type Meibography

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Assessment of meibomian gland morphology by noncontact infrared meibography in Shih Tzu dogs with or without keratoconjunctivitis sicca

An eye on the Shih Tzu dog: Ophthalmic examination findings and ocular surface diagnostics

Correlation between meibomian gland dysfunction and sebaceous adenitis in dogs

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