Observation of Ice Crystal Formation in Lower Arctic Atmosphere

Ohtake, Takeshi; Jayaweera, K. O. L. F.; Sakurai, Ken-ichi

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2898:ooicfi>2.0.co;2

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Ice particle concentrations have been measured to exceed 1000 L −1 (=1 cm −3 ) in the Arctic (Girard et al, 2005;Curry et al, 1990;Ohtake et al, 1982). Studies of polluted air masses in the Arctic and ice particle size distribution measurements are scarce but have been measured by Benson (1965), who measured ice particles to be between 5 and 10 µm, and Ohtake and Huffman (1969), who measured ice fog ice particles between 4 and 6 µm modal radius.…”

Section: Loss Of N 2 O 5 On Suspended Ice Particlesmentioning

confidence: 66%

The role of ice in N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes

2008

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Abstract. We report evidence for ice catalyzing N 2 O 5 heterogeneous hydrolysis from a study conducted near Fairbanks, Alaska in November 2007. Mixing ratios of N 2 O 5 , NO, NO 2 , and ozone are reported and are used to determine steady state N 2 O 5 lifetimes. When air masses are subsaturated with respect to ice, the data show longer lifetimes (≈20 min) and elevated N 2 O 5 levels, while ice-saturated air masses show shorter lifetimes (≈6 min) and suppressed N 2 O 5 levels. We also report estimates of aerosol surface area densities that are on the order of 50 µm 2 /cm 3 , a surface area density that is insufficient to explain the rapid losses of N 2 O 5 observed in this study, reinforcing the importance of other reactive surfaces such as ice. Consideration of two possible responsible types of ice surfaces, the snowpack and suspended ice particles, indicates that both are reasonable as possible sinks for N 2 O 5 . Because ice-saturated conditions are ubiquitous in high latitudes, ice surfaces are likely to be a key loss of N 2 O 5 , leading to nitric acid production and loss of NO x in high latitude plumes.

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Section: Loss Of N 2 O 5 On Suspended Ice Particlesmentioning

confidence: 66%

The role of ice in N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes

2008

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“…Ström et al [1997] found that cirrus clouds had properties that resembled those reported for ice fog. Particle size for ice fog generally range from 15 to 90 mm [Thuman and Robinson, 1953;Ohtake et al, 1982] with smaller crystals forming under colder temperatures [Ohtake et al, 1982]. In accordance with Huang et al [2004] this means that a T45 > 2K is expected for ice fog, which agrees with the CASSTA findings.…”

Section: Ice Fog Spectral Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the phenomenon is linked with colder temperatures and cannot be detected on the visible imagery or with single channel IR. On the basis of this evidence and the findings of previous studies [Thuman and Robinson, 1953;Ohtake et al, 1982;Kahl et al, 1992;Rothrock, 1993, 1994;Key et al, 1994;Ström et al, 1997;Intrieri and Shupe, 2004] the phenomenon was determined to be an absorptive feature composed of ice crystals suspended in the air that have formed as a result of the relatively warm water interface interacting with the colder Arctic air. For the purposes of this paper this feature will be referred to as ice fog.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic waters and marginal ice zones: 2. An investigation of arctic atmospheric infrared absorption for advanced very high resolution radiometer sea surface temperature estimates

Vincent¹,

Marsden²,

Minnett³

et al. 2008

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The derivation of sea surface temperatures (SST) from satellite radiometric data is well established in temperate latitudes. Water vapor is typically the greatest clear sky absorber of infrared (IR) energy between the emitting surface and spaceborne sensor, necessitating a corrective term for SST calculation. Algorithms developed for advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRR) use the difference in brightness temperatures between Channel 4 (10.3 to 11.3 mm) and Channel 5 (11.5 to 12.5 mm), or T45, to estimate the amount of IR absorption in the atmosphere. While relatively accurate in temperate latitudes, this approach is not applicable to Arctic waters, typically overestimating the SST by 2 to 3 K as a result of high T45 values that are not indicative of IR absorption by water vapor. The high T45 values in the Arctic may be attributable to atmospheric ice crystals. The attenuation of IR energy increases sharply across Channel 4 and 5 for ice crystals, the amount of which is a function of crystal size, shape and orientation. In the development of the Composite Arctic Sea Surface Temperature Algorithm in the North Water polynya (NOW), it was demonstrated that when T45 exceeded a threshold of 2 K the surface temperature could not be estimated owing to the presence of a clear sky absorptive feature. Observations from the NOW study led to the assessment that areas where T45 > 2K were covered by ice fog. This is a significant finding since these regions must be identified to achieve an accurate mapping of the surface temperature.Citation: Vincent, R. F., R. F. Marsden, P. J. Minnett, and J. R. Buckley (2008), Arctic waters and marginal ice zones: 2. An investigation of arctic atmospheric infrared absorption for advanced very high resolution radiometer sea surface temperature estimates,

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“…The second hypothesis for the observation of snow upwind of the lake-effect cloud deck was that the observed snow particles may represent ''diamond dust'' or ''clear-sky ice crystals'' (Ohtake et al 1982). Observational studies from Antarctica found that diamond dust formed as a result of homogeneous nucleation at temperatures of 2408C in an ice saturated layer near the surface (Hogan 1975).…”

Section: A Snow Particles Upwind Of Lake-effect Cloudsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of the Cross-Lake Cloud and Snow Evolution in a Lake-Effect Snow Event

Barthold

Kristovich

2011

Monthly Weather Review

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While the total snowfall produced in lake-effect storms can be considerable, little is known about how clouds and snow evolve within lake-effect boundary layers. Data collected over Lake Michigan on 10 January 1998 during the Lake-Induced Convection Experiment (Lake-ICE) are analyzed to better understand and quantify the evolution of clouds and snow. On this date, relatively cold air flowed from west to east across Lake Michigan, creating a quasi-steady-state boundary layer that increased from '675 to '910 m in depth over a distance of 80 km. Once a cloud deck formed 14-18 km from the upwind shoreline, maximum cloud particle concentrations and liquid water content increased from west to east across the lake. Correspondingly, maximum ice water contents, snowfall rates, and maximum snow particle diameters also increased across the lake. Maximum particle concentrations were found below the mean top of the boundary layer and above the cloud base for both cloud and snow particles.Surprisingly, snow particles were observed 3-7 km upwind of the upwind edge of the lake-effect cloud deck. These snow particles were observed to be rather spatially uniform throughout the boundary layer. Based on available observations, it is hypothesized that of the mechanisms that could produce this snow, the majority of it originated from transient clouds located near the upwind shore. In addition, maximum snow particle concentrations peaked near the middle of the lake before decreasing toward the downwind shore, indicating the location after which aggregation became an important snow growth mechanism. These results show that the evolution of clouds and snow within lake-effect boundary layers may not occur in the uniform manner often depicted in conceptual models.

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Observation of Ice Crystal Formation in Lower Arctic Atmosphere

Cited by 39 publications

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The role of ice in N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes

The role of ice in N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes

Arctic waters and marginal ice zones: 2. An investigation of arctic atmospheric infrared absorption for advanced very high resolution radiometer sea surface temperature estimates

Observations of the Cross-Lake Cloud and Snow Evolution in a Lake-Effect Snow Event

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Observation of Ice Crystal Formation in Lower Arctic Atmosphere

Cited by 39 publications

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The role of ice in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes

The role of ice in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes

Arctic waters and marginal ice zones: 2. An investigation of arctic atmospheric infrared absorption for advanced very high resolution radiometer sea surface temperature estimates

Observations of the Cross-Lake Cloud and Snow Evolution in a Lake-Effect Snow Event

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The role of ice in N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes

The role of ice in N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes