Observational study of early diaphragm pacing in cervical spinal cord injured patients to decrease mechanical ventilation during the COVID-19 pandemic

Onders, Raymond P.; Elmo, MaryJo; Young, Brian; Tinkoff, Glen

doi:10.1016/j.surg.2022.06.050

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Invasive techniques include percutaneous electrical PNS [ 54 ], which involves the insertion of a needle or stimulation device close to the phrenic nerves at the neck level. In addition, in critically ill spinal cord injured patients, intramuscular stimulation of the entry points of the phrenic nerves through surgical access has been successfully performed [ 47 ]. In the effort to reduce complexity and improve the accessibility of surgically implanted systems for short-term PNS in critically ill patients, recent approaches to simplify surgical implantation have been made.…”

Section: Classification Of Stimulation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Positive mitochondrial [ 55 ] and oxidative stress effects [ 56 ] assessed with high-resolution respirometry and western blotting were reported, suggesting that diaphragm activation during MV could reduce the oxidative stress and counteract autophagy caused by diaphragm paralysis (ameliorating atrophy). Onders et al explored a diaphragm pacing system to prompt ventilator liberation in 13 critically ill patients with spinal cord injury [ 47 ]. Nine (69%) patients were successfully weaned, and in four, tracheostomy was averted, solely relying on PNS.…”

Section: Effect Of Pnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phrenic nerve stimulation to prevent diaphragmatic dysfunction and ventilator-induced lung injury

Panelli,

Verfuß,

Dres

et al. 2023

ICMx

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Side effects of mechanical ventilation, such as ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), occur frequently in critically ill patients. Phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) has been a valuable tool for diagnosing VIDD by assessing respiratory muscle strength in response to magnetic PNS. The detection of pathophysiologically reduced respiratory muscle strength is correlated with weaning failure, longer mechanical ventilation time, and mortality. Non-invasive electromagnetic PNS designed for diagnostic use is a reference technique that allows clinicians to measure transdiaphragm pressure as a surrogate parameter for diaphragm strength and functionality. This helps to identify diaphragm-related issues that may impact weaning readiness and respiratory support requirements, although lack of lung volume measurement poses a challenge to interpretation. In recent years, therapeutic PNS has been demonstrated as feasible and safe in lung-healthy and critically ill patients. Effects on critically ill patients’ VIDD or diaphragm atrophy outcomes are the subject of ongoing research. The currently investigated application forms are diverse and vary from invasive to non-invasive and from electrical to (electro)magnetic PNS, with most data available for electrical stimulation. Increased inspiratory muscle strength and improved diaphragm activity (e.g., excursion, thickening fraction, and thickness) indicate the potential of the technique for beneficial effects on clinical outcomes as it has been successfully used in spinal cord injured patients. Concerning the potential for electrophrenic respiration, the data obtained with non-invasive electromagnetic PNS suggest that the induced diaphragmatic contractions result in airway pressure swings and tidal volumes remaining within the thresholds of lung-protective mechanical ventilation. PNS holds significant promise as a therapeutic intervention in the critical care setting, with potential applications for ameliorating VIDD and the ability for diaphragm training in a safe lung-protective spectrum, thereby possibly reducing the risk of VILI indirectly. Outcomes of such diaphragm training have not been sufficiently explored to date but offer the perspective for enhanced patient care and reducing weaning failure. Future research might focus on using PNS in combination with invasive and non-invasive assisted ventilation with automatic synchronisation and the modulation of PNS with spontaneous breathing efforts. Explorative approaches may investigate the feasibility of long-term electrophrenic ventilation as an alternative to positive pressure-based ventilation.

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Section: Classification Of Stimulation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%