Observations of Anomalous Over-the-Horizon Propagation in the Evaporation Duct Induced by Typhoon Kompasu (202118)

Wang, Shuwen; Yang, Kunde; Shi, Yang; Yang, Fan

doi:10.1109/lawp.2022.3153389

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The temporal resolution of the ERA5 dataset is 1 h and the horizontal resolution is 0.25°× 0.25°. ERA5 data have been widely used and verified suitable for studies on evaporation duct distributions (Sirkova, 2015;Huang et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022a;Wang et al, 2022b). The parameters of AT at 2-m height, AP, WS at 10-m height, RH at 1000 hPa, and sea surface temperature (SST) were extracted to simulate the EDH distributions during the measurements.…”

Section: Reanalysis Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wang et al (2020) studied the influence of antenna height on microwave propagation in an evaporation duct. Wang et al (2022a) reported observations of anomalous over-the-horizon EM propagation of a 53-km-long link in evaporation ducts induced by typhoon Kompasu (202118). Yang et al (2022c) reported the effects of rainfall on over-the-horizon EM propagation in evaporation ducts over the South China Sea.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term over-the-horizon microwave channel measurements and statistical analysis in evaporation ducts over the Yellow Sea

et al. 2023

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Maritime high-speed over-the-horizon wireless communication is realizable through evaporation ducts. Detailed measurement, analysis, and modeling of duct channels are essential for application of this communication technique. In this paper, X-band electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation systems were developed and deployed for a 133-km over-the-horizon microwave link in coastal areas of the Yellow Sea. The propagation length was 7.7 times the line-of-sight length. Measurement results including the path loss (PL) and meteorological data were obtained during a 54-day period in autumn 2021. The long-term channel results were analyzed on the basis of statistical analysis and model simulations. Results showed that our measurement system, with a maximum measurable power loss of 200 dB, had connected with a probability of 56.2% during the measurement period. Model simulation showed that evaporation duct environments are not ideal in autumn, with an average evaporation duct height (EDH) of 10.6 m. The land breeze in autumn introduced dry and cold air to the link, which could promote evaporation of seawater and reduce PL by approximately 40 dB. Annual spatiotemporal characteristics of EDH showed that evaporation ducts are most suitable for over-the-horizon communication in spring, especially May.

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Section: Reanalysis Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term over-the-horizon microwave channel measurements and statistical analysis in evaporation ducts over the Yellow Sea

et al. 2023

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“…Atmospheric ducts are a common occurrence of super-refractive propagation conditions that greatly affect radar and communication equipment at sea [1][2][3]. Electromagnetic waves that propagate in atmospheric ducts are trapped in the duct layer, resulting in lower path loss for trapped signals and enabling beyond-line-of-sight communication [4][5][6][7][8]. The formation of an atmospheric duct propagation has a significant impact on radar detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Ducts and Their Electromagnetic Propagation Characteristics in the Northwestern South China Sea

Yang

Wang

2023

Remote Sensing

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The propagation of electromagnetic waves beyond the line of sight can be caused by atmospheric ducts, which are significant concerns in the fields of radar and communication. This paper utilizes data from seven automatic weather stations and five radio-sounding stations to statistically analyze the characteristics of the atmospheric ducts in the northwest region of the South China Sea (SCS). After verifying the practicality of numerical analysis data from NCEP CFSv2 and ECMWF in studying atmospheric ducts using measured data, we analyzed the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the height of the regional evaporation duct and the bottom height of the elevated duct. The study found that the NCEP CFSv2 data accurately capture the evaporation duct height and duct occurrence rate in the study area, and the elevated duct bottom height calculated from ERA5 and the measured data have good consistency. The occurrence rate and height of the evaporation duct in coastal stations in the northwest of the SCS vary significantly by month, demonstrating clear monthly distribution patterns; conversely, changes in the Xisha station are minimal, indicating good temporal uniformity. For lower atmospheric ducts, the difference in occurrence rates between 00:00 and 12:00 (UTC) is negligible. The occurrence probability of elevated ducts in the Beibu Gulf area is relatively high, mainly concentrated from January to April, and the Xisha area is dominated by surface ducts without foundation layers, mainly concentrated from June to August. Monsoons play a critical role in the generation and evolution of atmospheric ducts in the northwest of the SCS, with the height of the evaporation duct increasing and the bottom height of the elevated duct decreasing after the onset of the summer monsoon. In the end, we simulated electromagnetic propagation loss under different frequencies and radiation elevation angles in various duct environments within a typical atmospheric duct structure.

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A spatio-temporal forecasting model using optimally weighted graph convolutional network and gated recurrent unit for wind speed of different sites distributed in an offshore wind farm

Shao

et al. 2023

Energy

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Observations of Anomalous Over-the-Horizon Propagation in the Evaporation Duct Induced by Typhoon Kompasu (202118)

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Long-term over-the-horizon microwave channel measurements and statistical analysis in evaporation ducts over the Yellow Sea

Long-term over-the-horizon microwave channel measurements and statistical analysis in evaporation ducts over the Yellow Sea

Atmospheric Ducts and Their Electromagnetic Propagation Characteristics in the Northwestern South China Sea

A spatio-temporal forecasting model using optimally weighted graph convolutional network and gated recurrent unit for wind speed of different sites distributed in an offshore wind farm

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