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Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun that can cause severe disturbances in space weather. Earth-directed CMEs are responsible for the disruption of technological systems and damaging power grids. However, the early evolution of CMEs, especially Earth-directed ones, is poorly tracked using traditional coronagraphs along the Sun-Earth line. The most distinct phenomena associated with CMEs in the low corona are coronal dimmings, which are localized regions of reduced emission in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-rays formed due to mass loss and expansion during a CME. We present a new approach to estimating the early CME propagation direction based on the expansion of coronal dimmings. We developed the Dimming InfeRred Estimate of CME Direction (DIRECD) method. First, we performed simulations of CMEs in 3D using a geometric CME cone model and varying parameters such as width, height, source location, and deflection from the radial direction to study their influence on the CME projection onto the solar sphere. Second, we estimated the dominant direction of the dimming extent based on the evolution of the dimming area. Third, using the derived dominant direction of the dimming evolution on the solar sphere, we solved an inverse problem to reconstruct an ensemble of CME cones at different heights, widths, and deflections from the radial propagation. Finally, we searched for which CME parameter combinations the CME orthogonal projections onto the solar sphere would match the geometry of the dimming at the end of its impulsive phase best; we did so to derive the CME direction in 3D. We tested our approach on two case studies on 1 October, 2011 and 6 September, 2011. We also validated our results with 3D tie-pointing of the CME bubble in an EUV low corona and with 3D reconstructions by graduated cylindrical shell modeling (GCS) of white-light CMEs higher up in the corona. Using DIRECD, we found that the CME on 1 October, 2011 expanded dominantly toward the south-east, while the CME on 6 September, 2011 was inclined toward the north-west. This is in agreement with the CME direction estimates from previous studies using multi-viewpoint coronagraphic observations. Our study demonstrates that coronal dimming information can be used to estimate the CME's direction early in its evolution. This allows us to provide information on the CME direction before it is observed in the coronograph's field of view, which is of practical importance for space weather forecasting and the mitigation of potential adverse impacts on Earth.
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun that can cause severe disturbances in space weather. Earth-directed CMEs are responsible for the disruption of technological systems and damaging power grids. However, the early evolution of CMEs, especially Earth-directed ones, is poorly tracked using traditional coronagraphs along the Sun-Earth line. The most distinct phenomena associated with CMEs in the low corona are coronal dimmings, which are localized regions of reduced emission in the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and soft X-rays formed due to mass loss and expansion during a CME. We present a new approach to estimating the early CME propagation direction based on the expansion of coronal dimmings. We developed the Dimming InfeRred Estimate of CME Direction (DIRECD) method. First, we performed simulations of CMEs in 3D using a geometric CME cone model and varying parameters such as width, height, source location, and deflection from the radial direction to study their influence on the CME projection onto the solar sphere. Second, we estimated the dominant direction of the dimming extent based on the evolution of the dimming area. Third, using the derived dominant direction of the dimming evolution on the solar sphere, we solved an inverse problem to reconstruct an ensemble of CME cones at different heights, widths, and deflections from the radial propagation. Finally, we searched for which CME parameter combinations the CME orthogonal projections onto the solar sphere would match the geometry of the dimming at the end of its impulsive phase best; we did so to derive the CME direction in 3D. We tested our approach on two case studies on 1 October, 2011 and 6 September, 2011. We also validated our results with 3D tie-pointing of the CME bubble in an EUV low corona and with 3D reconstructions by graduated cylindrical shell modeling (GCS) of white-light CMEs higher up in the corona. Using DIRECD, we found that the CME on 1 October, 2011 expanded dominantly toward the south-east, while the CME on 6 September, 2011 was inclined toward the north-west. This is in agreement with the CME direction estimates from previous studies using multi-viewpoint coronagraphic observations. Our study demonstrates that coronal dimming information can be used to estimate the CME's direction early in its evolution. This allows us to provide information on the CME direction before it is observed in the coronograph's field of view, which is of practical importance for space weather forecasting and the mitigation of potential adverse impacts on Earth.
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun propagating through the heliosphere. Observations of the March 28, 2022, event provide unique images of a three-part solar CME in the low corona in active region 12975: a bright core or filament, a dark cavity, and a bright front edge. We investigated the relationship between coronal dimming, filament eruption, and early CME propagation in this rarely seen case. We employed 3D filament and CME shock reconstructions along with estimations of early CME evolution inferred from the associated expansion of the coronal dimming. We performed 3D reconstructions using data from Solar Orbiter, Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO-A), and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to analyse the path, height, and kinematics of the erupting filament. We developed the ATLAS-3D (Advanced Technique for single Line-of-sight Acquisition of Structures in 3D) method and validated it by comparing it to traditional approaches to reconstructing filament loops and the CME shock structure. ATLAS-3D uses Solar Orbiter data exclusively and integrates existing 3D filament reconstructions from the early stages of the event to establish spatial relationships between the filament and the CME frontal edge. Additionally, we employed the DIRECD method to estimate the characteristics of early CME propagation based on its coronal dimming evolution. The filament height increased from 28 to 616 Mm (0.04 to 0.89 $ R_ sun $) over 30 minutes, from 11:05 to 11:35 UT, with a peak velocity of $648 \ km s $ and a peak acceleration of $1624 \ m s $. At 11:45 UT, the filament deflected by about 12$^ reaching a height of 841 Mm (1.21 $ R_ sun $). Simultaneously, the quasi-spherical CME shock expanded from 383 to 837 Mm (0.55 to 1.2 $ R_ sun $) between 11:25 and 11:35 UT. Over 10 minutes, the distance between the filament apex and the CME leading edge more than doubled, from approximately 93 to 212 Mm (0.13 to 0.3 $ R_ sun $),demonstrating significant growth and increasing separation between them. Key parameters estimated from DIRECD and the 3D filament reconstructions include the CME direction (inclined by $6^ from radial expansion), a half-width of $21^ and a cone height of 1.12 $ R_ sun $, which was derived at the end of the dimming's impulsive phase. The reconstructed 3D CME cone, which represents the inner part of the CME,\ closely matches the observed filament shape at 11:45 UT in terms of both height and angular width. Validation with white-light coronagraph data confirmed the accuracy of the 3D cone, particularly in terms of filament and CME characteristics, including projections to STEREO-A COR2 times. The eruptive event on March 28, 2022, showed rapid filament development and its subsequent deflection from the primary propagation direction. This confirms that connections between dimming and CME expansion can be established by the end of the dimming's impulsive phase, preceding the filament’s deflection at 11:45 UT, illustrating further self-similar CME evolution. Our approach links the expanding dimming with the early CME development, highlighting dimmings as indicators and the DIRECD method's utility in correlating the 2D dimming with 3D CME structure. These findings provide valuable insights into early CME evolution and demonstrate the importance of using multi-viewpoint observations and novel reconstruction methods in space weather forecasting.
An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) close-up view of the Sun offers unprecedented detail of heating events in the solar corona. Enhanced temporal and spatial images obtained by the Solar Orbiter during its first science perihelion enabled us to identify clustered EUV bright tadpoles (CEBTs) occurring near the footpoints of coronal loops. Combining SDO/AIA observations, we determine the altitudes of six distinct CEBTs by stereoscopy, ranging from ~1300 to 3300 km. We then notice a substantial presence of dark, cooler filamentary structures seemingly beneath the CEBTs, displaying periodic up-and-down motions lasting 3 to 5 minutes. This periodic behavior suggests an association of the majority of CEBTs with Type I spicules. Out of the ten selected CEBTs with fast downward velocity, six exhibit corrected velocities close to or exceeding 50 km s-1. These velocities notably surpass the typical speeds of Type I spicules. We explore the generation of such velocities. It indicates that due to the previous limited observations of spicules in the EUV wavelengths, they may reveal novel observational features beyond our current understanding. Gaining insights into these features contributes to a better comprehension of small-scale coronal heating dynamics.
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