Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i

Kauahikaua, James P.; Cashman, Katharine V.; Mattox, Tari N.; Heliker, Christina; Hon, Ken; Mangan, Margaret T.; Thornber, Carl R.

doi:10.1029/97jb03576

Cited by 215 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The crusts insulate lava in the interior tubes from heat loss, and so magma can be transferred from the vent to the flow front with little loss of heat. This process is well documented from the on-going eruption in Hawai'i (Hon et al 1994, Kauahikaua et al 1998, and similar mechanisms have been invoked for flood basalts (Self et al 1996, Kesthelyi & Self 1998, Thordarson & Self 1998). The two textural zones of komatiites (spinifex A, cumulate B) can be logically interpreted as lavacrust and lava-tube facies, with the same tube-fed process of magma supply operating as in basalts.…”

Section: Implications Of Coherent Tops and Bottoms: Laminar Flow And mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Kauahikaua et al (1998) have discussed the possible thermal erosion that occurs in some lava tubes. This thermal erosion has been identified by the drop in the level of the floor of the lava tube.…”

Section: Preserved Thicknesses and Flow Inflationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turbulence was considered to have maintained a constant flux of heat to the substrate, so enhancing the potential to melt it (Huppert & Sparks 1985). However, during the current on-going eruption in Hawai'i, Kauahikaua et al (1998) Turbulent flow therefore does not appear to be necessary for thermal erosion to occur. As noted above, the troughs are now fault-bounded structural features.…”

Section: Contact Relationships and Texturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field Characteristics and Erosional Processes Associated With Komatiitic Lavas: Implications for Flow Behavior

Fernand

Beresford

2001

The Canadian Mineralogist

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Although komatiitic lavas have long been depicted as turbulent flows, especially near the vent, field characteristics indicate that many komatiitic lavas did not flow turbulently, or only initially so. The bases of komatiites are commonly conformable with their substrate, including fine pelitic sediments, and the margins of komatiites are overwhelmingly coherent, or marked by local quench-fragmented hyaloclastite breccia. Autobreccias are notably missing. These characteristics are not consistent with turbulent flow, but clearly indicate conditions of laminar flow. If komatiitic flows were turbulent, they should commonly have scoured into substrate sediments through a variety of physical erosion processes, including foundering into underlying seafloor sediments, because of density inversion, and turbulence-induced scouring of sediments. These features are not commonly developed, also indicating that generally komatiites were emplaced under tranquil, laminar-flow conditions. Trough-like structures that commonly host nickel sulfide mineralization have commonly been interpreted to originate by thermal erosion of substrate by the komatiitic lava. The evidence supporting thermal erosion is not strong, and commonly ambiguous. Trough structures at Kambalda, Western Australia, are fault bounded, as noted by several previous investigators. However, there is a common, but not universal, antithetic relationship between trough presence and sediment absence. Removal of sediment from troughs could be explained by physical erosion, with an initial narrow, turbulent flow-head scouring a channel in the underlying sediments. As the lava flows spread laterally, their flow-front velocity decreased, and flow became laminar, so explaining the conformable contacts with substrate and the presence of coherent crusts represented by the random spinifex textural zone. Thermal erosion was rare, and could only have resulted beneath sustained lava tubes, within the flow interior, not from the flow head.Keywords: komatiites, laminar flow, field characteristics, physical erosion. SOMMAIREQuoique les coulées de lave komatiitique ont maintes fois été considérées turbulentes, surtout près de l'évent, les caractéristiques de terrain indiquent que dans la plupart des cas, le mode d'épanchement n'était pas turbulent, ou s'il l'était, seulement au tout début. La base d'une coulée est en général conforme avec le substrat, y inclus les cas où ce sont des sédiments pélitiques à grains fins qui sont en contact, et les marges sont conformes dans la grande majorité de cas, ou bien localement marquées par une brèche d'hyaloclastite due au refroidissement brutal. Le phénomène d'autobréchification est complètement absent. Ces caractéristiques ne concordent pas avec une hypothèse de turbulence, mais elles indiquent plutôt des conditions d'épanchement laminaire. Si l'épanchement avait été turbulent, la lave aurait creusé dans les sédiments sousjacents selon une variété de mécanismes physiques d'érosion, par exemple affaissement dans les sédiments des fond...

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Section: Implications Of Coherent Tops and Bottoms: Laminar Flow And mentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Preserved Thicknesses and Flow Inflationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contact Relationships and Texturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Field Characteristics and Erosional Processes Associated With Komatiitic Lavas: Implications for Flow Behavior

Fernand

Beresford

2001

The Canadian Mineralogist

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“…Therefore, the last mapping unit includes Bother metamorphic rocksŝ uch as gneiss, amphibolite and different types of schist; and igneous rocks, which encompass plutonic rocks such as granite and diorite; and volcanic rocks such as basalt, andesite and rhyolite. Some volcanic rocks, particularly basaltic lava flows with cooling fractures and lava tubes, show similar hydraulic properties to carbonate rocks (Kauahikaua et al 1998), but they are usually not classified as karst aquifers and not delineated on WOKAM. The detailed work-steps from GLiM to WOKAM are described further in the following.…”

Section: Basic Mapping Approach and Legendmentioning

confidence: 99%

The World Karst Aquifer Mapping project: concept, mapping procedure and map of Europe

et al. 2017

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Karst aquifers contribute substantially to freshwater supplies in many regions of the world, but are vulnerable to contamination and difficult to manage because of their unique hydrogeological characteristics. Many karst systems are hydraulically connected over wide areas and require transboundary exploration, protection and management. In order to obtain a better global overview of karst aquifers, to create a basis for sustainable international water-resources management, and to increase the awareness in the public and among decision makers, the World Karst Aquifer Mapping (WOKAM) project was established. The goal is to create a world map and database of karst aquifers, as a further development of earlier maps. This paper presents the basic concepts and the detailed mapping procedure, using France as an example to illustrate the step-by-step workflow, which includes generalization, differentiation of continuous and discontinuous carbonate and evaporite rock areas, and the identification of non-exposed karst aquifers. The map also shows selected caves and karst springs, which are collected in an associated global database. The draft karst aquifer map of Europe shows that 21.6% of the European land surface is characterized by the presence of (continuous or discontinuous) carbonate rocks; about 13.8% of the land surface is carbonate rock outcrop.

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“…When a magma intrudes the surrounding country rock it generates an electromagnetic contrast that can have orders of magnitude higher conductivity than the surroundings (Zablocki 1976, Kauahikaua et al, 1998. Secondary fields induced by very low frequency (VLF) or high-frequency magnetotelluric waves (MT) generate fields at the surface that can be used to provide information on the underground magmatic state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic induction in a conductive strip in a medium of contrasting conductivity: application to VLF and MT above molten dykes

Davis¹

2014

Geophysical Journal International

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Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves that penetrate conductive magma-filled dikes generate secondary fields on the surface that can be used to invert for dike properties. The model used for the interpretation calculates currents induced in a conductive strip by an inducing field that decays exponentially with depth due to the conductivity of the surrounding medium. The differential equations are integrated to give an inhomogeneous Fredholm equation of the second kind with a kernel consisting of a modified Bessel function of the second kind. Numerical methods are typically used to solve for the induced currents in the strip. In this paper we apply a modified Galerkin-Chebyshev method, which involves separating the kernel into source and field spectra and integrating the source terms to obtain a matrix equation for the unknown coefficients. The incident wave is expressed as a Chebyshev series. The Modified Bessel function is separated into a logarithmic singularity and a non-singular remainder, both of which are expanded in complex Chebyshev polynomials. The Chebyshev coefficients for the remainder are evaluated using a fast Fourier transform, while the logarithmic term and incident field have analytic series. The deconvolution then involves a matrix inversion. The results depend on the ratio of strip-size to skin-depth. For infinite skin-depth and a singular conductivity distribution given by τ 0 a/ √ a 2 − z 2 (where τ 0 is the conductance, a is the half-length, and z the distance from the center), Parker (2011) gives an analytic solution. We present a similar analytic series solution for the finite skin-depth case, where the size to skin depth ratio is small. Results are presented for different ratios of size to skin depth that can be compared with numerical solutions. We compare full-space and half-space solutions. A fit of the model to VLF data taken above a magma filled dikes in Hawaii 1 and Mt Etna demonstrates that while properties such as depth to top, conductivity ratio, tilt, and dip can be determined, the depth to bottom is indeterminate due to the exponential decay of the inducing field.2

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Observations on basaltic lava streams in tubes from Kilauea Volcano, island of Hawai'i

Cited by 215 publications

References 29 publications

Field Characteristics and Erosional Processes Associated With Komatiitic Lavas: Implications for Flow Behavior

Field Characteristics and Erosional Processes Associated With Komatiitic Lavas: Implications for Flow Behavior

The World Karst Aquifer Mapping project: concept, mapping procedure and map of Europe

Electromagnetic induction in a conductive strip in a medium of contrasting conductivity: application to VLF and MT above molten dykes

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