Observations on Cardiac Output and ”Pulmonary Blood Volume” in Normal Man by External Recording of the Intracardiac Flow of 131I Labelled Albumin

Lammerant, J; Veall, N.; M, De Visscher

doi:10.1055/s-0037-1621159

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The cardiac index in the youngest age-group was significantly higher than the rest of the series though whether this observation truly reflects the influence of age or whether it represents incomplete elimination of the influence of body size on the data is uncertain. The absence of change in cardiac index from 10 years upwards is of interest and should be contrasted with the data of Brandfonbrener, Landowne, and Shock (1955) and Lammerant, Veall, and De Visscher (1961) who, in a study of older age-groups, each observed a progressive fall in cardiac index as age increased. Stroke index, by contrast, appears to rise slightly over the age range studied though the change is not significant except between the youngest and oldest groups (Table II).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Relation Between Cardiac Output and Body Size

Jegier¹,

Sekelj²,

Auld³

et al. 1963

Heart

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A prerequisite in the study of abnormal body function is the ability to establish the limits of normal. In the case of parameters such as cardiac output that vary with the size of the subject, it has become an accepted practice to standardize values in relation to the body surface area. Thus the cardiac index describes the cardiac output per square metre of body surface area, and the stroke index describes the volume of blood per heart beat per square metre of body surface area. The validity of these expressions depends on the premise that there is a constant or straight line relation between body surface area on the one hand, and cardiac output and stroke volume on the other, over the whole range of body size to be studied, and that the relation can be described by a simple regression equation cutting the intercept at zero. Only where this is so is it meaningful to refer to "the normal" cardiac index or stroke index. Though this premise is backed by observations in the case of adult or adolescent subjects, it was until recently entirely unsupported in the case of children and is still unsupported by any data for infants. This report is an attempt to supply the necessary data. SUBJECTS AND METHODSThe study concerns 77 subjects divided into three age-groups, one consisting of 22 children 3 weeks to 4 years in age, one of 31 children 5 to 15 years of age, and the third of 24 healthy adult volunteers ranging between 20 and 52 years of age. The two younger groups consisted of children without cardiovascular abnormality, in whom minor elective surgery was about to be performed. Physical data regarding 46 of these subjects have been reported elsewhere . Light anvsthesia was used in the two younger age-groups. This was induced without premedication with 80 per cent nitrous oxide in oxygen and was maintained with 50 per cent nitrous oxide, in some cases with the addition of 0 25 per cent halothane. The adult group received no sedation but the subjects were rested for half an hour before the procedure. The local pain of venepuncture was minimized by infiltrating the area with 2 per cent "novocaine." These subjects were thus not truly basal and, in an attempt to eliminate the most tense, data were arbitrarily rejected when heart rates exceeded 84 beats a minute.The cardiac output was calculated from dye dilution curves (Hamilton et al., 1928) using a directly calibrated ear oximeter. Injections were made into an antecubital vein, or in the case of young children into the external jugular vein, and were immediately and forcefully flushed in with 5-10 ml. normal saline, a technique that gives identical results to injections made into the central circulation (Bousvaros et al., 1962). In earlier studies the indicator was Evans blue dye (T 1824) in a dose of 0-2-0-3 mg./kg., the concentration of which was recorded by an automatic computing ear oximeter (Sekelj et al., 1958). Subsequently, the oximeter was simplified McGregor, Sekelj, and Adam, 1961) and the dye changed to Coomassie blue (0-3-0-7 mg./kg.).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Relation Between Cardiac Output and Body Size

Jegier¹,

Sekelj²,

Auld³

et al. 1963

Heart

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“…The narrow angle collimator shown in Fig. 1b is now used routinely for cardiac output and related measurements with 131I-Iabelled albumin (LAMMERANT, VEALL and DE VISSCHER 1961). In these and other procedures the use of the well crystal has made it possible to reduce the tracer dose administered to the patient by a factor four and still have higher count rates than those achieved with the more conventional system.…”

Section: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Iodide Crystal of Well-Type for In-Vivo Gamma Ray Measurements

Hallberg¹,

Veall²

1962

Acta Radiologica

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In the Proceedings of the recent IAEA-WHO Seminar on Medical Radioisotope Scanning (IAEA 1959) the considerable amount of work is surveyed which has been carried out on the design of scintillation counter collimator systems for studying the distribution of gamma ray emitting isotopes within the body. A large part of this work has been concerned with the problem of arriving at a satisfactory compromise between the conflicting requirements for maximum resolving power and maximum sensitivity. Although isotope scanning techniques have many actual and potential clinical applications, the clinical tests which are most widely carried out at present and which involve in-vivo counting are those where the object of the measurement is to determine the amount of radioactive material in a given organ or tissue as a function of time. In applications of this type, the primary function of the collimator is to reduce the interference from radioactivity in tissues other than the one under study. The linear resolution required is dictated by the anatomical and physiologic factors which apply in each particular case rather than the need for resolving power. At the same time, if the patient is to receive the minimum possible radiation dose, the requirement for maximum sensitivity remains.Up to the present, scintillation counters embodying NaI-Tl crystals, about 2.5 em diameter and 2.5 cm depth, and fitted with lead collimators having a cylindrical aperture about 2.5 cm diameter and 5 to 7.5 ern depth (see Fig. la),

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