Observations on Artemia „franciscana”︁ Kellogg, especially on the Relation of Environment to Morphology.

Abstract

S c h m a n k e w i t s c h (1875, '77, and elsewhere) came to the conclusionthat the differences between the genera Artemia and Branchipus were entirely the result of differences in the media in which the individuals had grown. He concluded that the change was a gradual one, requiring several generations to change even from one type of Artemia to another, and that the varieties resulting were hereditary and of relative permanence. B a t e s o n (1894), on the basis of S c h m a nkewitschs work, and on some material of his own from Russia, became even more of a direct transformationist. S a m t e r and H e y m o n s (1902), studying collections from the Molla Kary region of the Caspian Sea, concluded that none of S c h m a n k e w i t s c h ' s varieties is valid, and that they are all Artemia salina, more or less degenerated through the effects of salinity, They also concluded that the effects of the salt are not constant and that in the same concentration all forms are to be found. A r t o m (1907), using Artemia from Cagliari under carefully controlled conditions in the laboratory, found that eggs from parents of the ,,Mulhausenii" (M. Edw., now Milhausenii G. Fisch., not Muhlhausenii S. Fisch.) type, if allowed to hatch and develop in brine of 7 O B. (7.26% NaCl) gave only A. salina of ,,tip0 delle basse

International study on Artemia XLIX. Salinity effects on survival, maturity, growth, biometrics, reproductive and lifespan characteristics of a bisexual and a parthenogenetic population of Artemia

“…In accordance with Bond (1933), Gilchrist (1960) and Dana & Lenz (1986) adult size, maturation and growth rates were inversely proportional to salinity, especially above 140 ppt . Data for growth rates in combination with data for length of the prereproductive periods provide evidence that high salinities restrain colonization of the saltworks, namely, that it can take a Table 4.…”

Microbialite response to an anthropogenic salinity gradient in Great Salt Lake, Utah

“…Artemia have previously been detected in waters with salinity measurements up to 34% and have seldom been detected in waters with salinity of less than 4.5%, which is likely due to the upper tolerance limit of their predators (Persoone & Sorgeloos, ). Brine shrimp have been shown to rely on algae as a primary food source and will also (secondarily) consume bacterial cells (Bond, ). One possible food source for Artemia is algae related to Tetracystis, which were dominant components of NA planktonic and microbialite communities while they only made up a small proportion of the SA planktonic and microbialite communities.…”

GROWTH AND FORM OF THE BRINE SHRIMP ARTEMIA SALINA (L.)

“…It is stated by ZE number of authors (Martin & Wilbur, 1921 ;Heath, 1924 ;Bond, 1933 ; Warren. 1938) that the adult size of Artemia varies inversely with the salinity of the external medium and in laboratory bred animals sexual maturity is attained three to four weeks after hatching.…”