Observations on Infection by Plasmodium Knowlesi (Ape Malaria) in the Treatment of General Paralysis of the Insane

Rooyen, C. E. van; Pile, G. R.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3901.662

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…In a study involving sera from Gambian adults highly immune to P. falciparum , antibodies were found to bind to the surface of P.knowlesi merozoites, although erythrocyte invasion was not prevented [33]. In addition, data from neurosyphilis malariotherapy series demonstrated that patients who had been previously infected with P. vivax were less susceptible to infection with P. knowlesi [34]. Loss of cross-protection provided by immunity to P. falciparum or P. vivax may be particularly relevant given that P. knowlesi tends to effect older individuals; frequent exposure to P. falciparum and P. vivax may previously have protected this age group from infection with P. knowlesi .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria following Control of P. falciparum and P. vivax Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia

William

Rahman

Jelip³

et al. 2013

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

151

201

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BackgroundThe simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is a common cause of human malaria in Malaysian Borneo and threatens the prospect of malaria elimination. However, little is known about the emergence of P. knowlesi, particularly in Sabah. We reviewed Sabah Department of Health records to investigate the trend of each malaria species over time.MethodsReporting of microscopy-diagnosed malaria cases in Sabah is mandatory. We reviewed all available Department of Health malaria notification records from 1992–2011. Notifications of P. malariae and P. knowlesi were considered as a single group due to microscopic near-identity.ResultsFrom 1992–2011 total malaria notifications decreased dramatically, with P. falciparum peaking at 33,153 in 1994 and decreasing 55-fold to 605 in 2011, and P. vivax peaking at 15,857 in 1995 and decreasing 25-fold to 628 in 2011. Notifications of P. malariae/P. knowlesi also demonstrated a peak in the mid-1990s (614 in 1994) before decreasing to ≈100/year in the late 1990s/early 2000s. However, P. malariae/P. knowlesi notifications increased >10-fold between 2004 (n = 59) and 2011 (n = 703). In 1992 P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae/P. knowlesi monoinfections accounted for 70%, 24% and 1% respectively of malaria notifications, compared to 30%, 31% and 35% in 2011. The increase in P. malariae/P. knowlesi notifications occurred state-wide, appearing to have begun in the southwest and progressed north-easterly.ConclusionsA significant recent increase has occurred in P. knowlesi notifications following reduced transmission of the human Plasmodium species, and this trend threatens malaria elimination. Determination of transmission dynamics and risk factors for knowlesi malaria is required to guide measures to control this rising incidence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria following Control of P. falciparum and P. vivax Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia

William

Rahman

Jelip³

et al. 2013

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

151

201

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“…Detailed descriptions by van Rooyen and Pile (15) indicated that patients could become unwell with shock, while Milam and Kusch (16) noted that the infections could suddenly change "from moderate severity to one of rather serious proportions." Different P. knowlesi parasite strains and the effect of multiple subpassages between humans may have accounted for the variable clinical outcomes observed by these early workers.…”

Section: Clinical Course Historical Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, in nonhuman primate studies, tetracycline, clindamycin, trimethoprim, erythromycin, and artemisinins have all been shown to have an antiparasitic effect in P. knowlesi infections (133)(134)(135)(136)(137)(138). Despite this, quinacrine was not effective in controlling acute parasitemia in humans (15), and it was noted that resistance was easily induced with recurrent exposure to mefloquine, proguanil, and pyrimethamine in rhesus macaques (139,140). Interestingly, quinacrine is closely related to mefloquine.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They studied the morphology of the parasite in detail in nonhuman primate hosts and named this new malaria parasite in honor of Robert Knowles. From the 1920s until the mid-1950s, prior to the discovery of penicillin, patients with tertiary neurosyphilis were successfully treated by inducing fever with P. vivax, a treatment that was pioneered by Wagner-Juaregg (13) and often referred to as malariotherapy (14). Since P. knowlesi had a shorter erythrocytic cycle than P. vivax, it was used for malariotherapy by physicians in a number of countries (15)(16)(17)(18), particularly by Ciuca and coworkers in Romania (19)(20)(21). Those researchers stopped using the P. knowlesi strain when they noticed that it had become more pathogenic following 170 serial passages in patients with neurosyphilis (21).…”

Section: Discovery and Early Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the neurosyphilis era in the 1930s, quinacrine (Atebrin), pamaquine (Plasmochin), proguanil (Paludrine), and quinine were used to terminate fevers, often in combination (15,16,132). van Rooyen and Pile described "the almost dramatic destruction of parasites" following administration of quinine intramuscularly (15). One may assume that there is little antimalarial drug resistance, as knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis, so P. knowlesi parasites have not been subjected to any significant antimalarial drug pressure.…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

2013

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SUMMARY Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite that is found in nature in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques. Naturally acquired human infections were thought to be extremely rare until a large focus of human infections was reported in 2004 in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Human infections have since been described throughout Southeast Asia, and P. knowlesi is now recognized as the fifth species of Plasmodium causing malaria in humans. The molecular, entomological, and epidemiological data indicate that human infections with P. knowlesi are not newly emergent and that knowlesi malaria is primarily a zoonosis. Human infections were undiagnosed until molecular detection methods that could distinguish P. knowlesi from the morphologically similar human malaria parasite P. malariae became available. P. knowlesi infections cause a spectrum of disease and are potentially fatal, but if detected early enough, infections in humans are readily treatable. In this review on knowlesi malaria, we describe the early studies on P. knowlesi and focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and treatment of knowlesi malaria. We also discuss the gaps in our knowledge and the challenges that lie ahead in studying the epidemiology and pathogenesis of knowlesi malaria and in the prevention and control of this zoonotic infection.

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Syphilis

Beerman¹

1951

AMA Arch Intern Med

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Observations on Infection by Plasmodium Knowlesi (Ape Malaria) in the Treatment of General Paralysis of the Insane

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Increasing Incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria following Control of P. falciparum and P. vivax Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia

Increasing Incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria following Control of P. falciparum and P. vivax Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia

Human Infections and Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi

Syphilis

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