Observations on the Development and Fine Structure of the Articulated Laticifers of Papaver somniferum

Thureson‐Klein, Åsa

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084407

Cited by 46 publications

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“…2, lane A) are not observed in zygotic embryos protein samples (lanes B, C) or protein samples from suspension cultures of proembryos (lanes D, E). Both of these tissues are known to lack laticifers (22,29).…”

Section: Materiaismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Opium poppy latex represents the cytoplasm of a series of fused cells that comprise the mature laticifer system (5). Young laticifer initials contain typical cell organelles including nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, dictyosomes, and ribosomes (19)(20)(21)29). As the laticifer differentiates, numerous membrane-bound vesicles are formed from dilating ER and eventually dominate the cytoplasm of the mature latex vessel (20,29).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Young laticifer initials contain typical cell organelles including nuclei, plastids, mitochondria, dictyosomes, and ribosomes (19)(20)(21)29). As the laticifer differentiates, numerous membrane-bound vesicles are formed from dilating ER and eventually dominate the cytoplasm of the mature latex vessel (20,29). These vesicles have been shown to contain the large amounts of phenanthrene alkaloids including morphine and codeine (9,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification and Characterization of Latex-Specific Proteins in Opium Poppy

Nessler

Allen²,

Galewsky³

1985

Plant Physiol.

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ABSTRACFLatex from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Two latex-specific bands were identified in protein samples of poppy latex using one-dimensional native PAGE. Second dimension analysis with SDS-PAGE indicates that these proteins have a relative molecular weight of approximately 20 kilodaltons. We have termed these polypeptides the major latex proteins (MLPs). Polyclonal antibodies prepared against the MLPs were used to probe protein gel blots of latex and poppy tissues known to lack laticifers.Laticifer-free tissues showed no reaction with anti-MLP immunoglobulin G indicating that MLPs are found only in poppy latex. MLP distribution was also examined in mature opium poppy tissues by immunocytochemistry. Laticifers were differentially labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate secondary labeling of anti-MLP immunoglobulin G and could easily be identified in both transverse and longitudinal section. Fractionation studies of isolated latex showed that MLPs are concentrated in the latex cytosol and not in alkaloidal vesicles. Analysis of latex proteins by conventional two-dimensional electrophoresis indicates that the two MLP bands are composed of several distinct polypeptides with similar relative molecular weights. The pIs of these molecules range from 6.0 to 3.5. The role(s) of MLPs in laticifer metabolism has not been determined.

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Section: Materiaismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification and Characterization of Latex-Specific Proteins in Opium Poppy

Nessler

Allen²,

Galewsky³

1985

Plant Physiol.

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“…The ER is contiguous through plasmodesmata desmotubules and has been shown to permit the movement of small molecules, such as dextrans (Cantrill et al 1999). Moreover, alkaloid-containing vesicles in the laticifers of opium poppy likely result from dilations of the ER (Thureson-Klein 1970;Nessler and Mahlberg 1977).…”

Section: Cellular and Subcellular Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opium poppy: blueprint for an alkaloid factory

et al. 2007

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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) produces a large number of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, including the narcotic analgesics morphine and codeine, and has emerged as one of the most versatile model systems to study alkaloid metabolism in plants. As summarized in this review, we have taken a holistic strategy-involving biochemical, cellular, molecular genetic, genomic, and metabolomic approaches-to draft a blueprint of the fundamental biological platforms required for an opium poppy cell to function as an alkaloid factory. The capacity to synthesize and store alkaloids requires the cooperation of three phloem cell types-companion cells, sieve elements, and laticifers-in the plant, but also occurs in dedifferentiated cell cultures. We have assembled an opium poppy expressed sequence tag (EST) database based on the attempted sequencing of more than 30,000 cDNAs from elicitor-treated cell culture, stem, and root libraries. Approximately 23,000 of the elicitor-induced cell culture and stem ESTs are represented on a DNA microarray, which has been used to examine changes in transcript profile in cultured cells in response to elicitor treatment, and in plants with different alkaloid profiles. Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance mass spectroscopy are being used to detect corresponding differences in metabolite profiles. Several new genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of alkaloid pathways in opium poppy have been identified using genomic tools. A biological blueprint for alkaloid production coupled with the emergence of reliable transformation protocols has created an unprecedented opportunity to alter the chemical profile of the world's most valuable medicinal plant.

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“…latex) of articulated cells (i.e. laticifers) that form an internal secretory system under a positive turgor similar to sieve elements (Thureson-Klein, 1970). The traditional harvesting of opium (i.e.…”

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Quantitative 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolite Profiling as a Functional Genomics Platform to Investigate Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy

et al. 2008

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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) produces a diverse array of bioactive benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and has emerged as a versatile model system to study plant alkaloid metabolism. The plant is widely cultivated as the only commercial source of the narcotic analgesics morphine and codeine. Variations in plant secondary metabolism as a result of genetic diversity are often associated with perturbations in other metabolic pathways. As part of a functional genomics platform, we used 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolite profiling for the analysis of primary and secondary metabolism in opium poppy. Aqueous and chloroform extracts of six different opium poppy cultivars were subjected to chemometric analysis. Principle component analysis of the 1 H NMR spectra for latex extracts clearly distinguished two varieties, including a low-alkaloid variety and a high-thebaine, low-morphine cultivar. Distinction was also made between pharmaceutical-grade opium poppy cultivars and a condiment variety. Such phenotypic differences were not observed in root extracts. Loading plots confirmed that morphinan alkaloids contributed predominantly to the variance in latex extracts. Quantification of 34 root and 21 latex metabolites, performed using Chenomx NMR Suite version 4.6, showed major differences in the accumulation of specific alkaloids in the latex of the low-alkaloid and high-thebaine, low-morphine varieties. Relatively few differences were found in the levels of other metabolites, indicating that the variation was specific for alkaloid metabolism. Exceptions in the lowalkaloid cultivar included an increased accumulation of the alkaloid precursor tyramine and reduced levels of sucrose, some amino acids, and malate. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 42 genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism showed differential gene expression mainly associated with alkaloid biosynthesis. Reduced alkaloid levels in the condiment variety were associated with the reduced abundance of transcripts encoding several alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes.

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Observations on the Development and Fine Structure of the Articulated Laticifers of Papaver somniferum

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Identification and Characterization of Latex-Specific Proteins in Opium Poppy

Identification and Characterization of Latex-Specific Proteins in Opium Poppy

Opium poppy: blueprint for an alkaloid factory

Quantitative 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolite Profiling as a Functional Genomics Platform to Investigate Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy

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