Observations on the free-living stages of the stomach worm <i>Haemonchus contortus</i>

Rose, J. H.

doi:10.1017/s0031182000073923

Cited by 66 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Clunies Ross (1932) appears to have been the first to recognise the distinction between resistance to infection, in terms of parasite numbers, and resistance to the impact of infection, in terms of host disease. Although Clunies Ross did not use the term, later studies described the latter phenomenon as disease resilience (Albers et al 1987;Bisset and Morris 1996;Bishop 2012;Doeschl-Wilson and Lough 2014), which is typically defined in terms such as a capacity to maintain high productivity in the face of ongoing infection (Bisset and Morris 1996;Bishop 2012).…”

Section: Historical Concepts Of Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although factors influencing the development of phenotype have been a focus of research for over a century (Strandberg 2009), the past decade has seen a substantial increase in interest in resilience and robustness of animals to environmental effects Hermesch and Dominik 2014). Resilience to the effects of parasitic disease in farm animals was first recognised 80 years ago by Clunies Ross (1932), yet, in recent years, a broader concept of resilience has emerged in animal and human sciences that encompasses not only the response of the individual to disease challenges but also the individual's response to environmental and social stressors (Russo et al 2012;Wu et al 2013;Hermesch and Dominik 2014). Therefore, in Section 2 of this review, we examine the biological processes whereby animals respond to signals from their internal and external environments, the influence of personality, emotion and cognitive functions of the animal on these responses, how responses to stimuli are regulated and what happens when signals are noxious or overtax the capacity of the animal to cope.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

2016

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Abstract.A capacity for the animal to recover quickly from the impact of physical and social stressors and disease challenges is likely to improve evolutionary fitness of wild species and welfare and performance of farm animals. Salience and valence of stimuli sensed through neurosensors, chemosensors and immunosensors are perceived and integrated centrally to generate emotions and engage physiological, behavioural, immune, cognitive and morphological responses that defend against noxious challenges. These responses can be refined through experience to provide anticipatory and learned reactions at lower cost than innate less-specific reactions. Influences of behaviour type, coping style, and affective state and the relationships between immune responsiveness, disease resistance and resilience are reviewed. We define resilience as the capacity of animals to cope with short-term perturbations in their environment and return rapidly to their pre-challenge status. It is manifested in response to episodic, sporadic or situation-specific attributes of the environment and can be optimised via facultative learning by the individual. It is a comparative measure of differences between individuals in the outcomes that follow exposure to potentially adverse situations. In contrast, robustness is the capacity to maintain productivity in a wide range of environments without compromising reproduction, health and wellbeing. Robustness is manifested in response to persistent or cyclical attributes of the environment and is effected via activity of innate regulatory pathways. We suggest that for farm animals, husbandry practices that incorporate physical and social stressors and interactions with humans such as weaning, change of housing, and introduction to the milking parlour can be used to characterise resilience phenotypes. In these settings, resilience is likely to be more readily identified through the rate of return of variables to pre-challenge or normal status rather than through measuring the activity of diverse stress response and adaptation mechanisms. Our strategy for phenotyping resilience of sheep and cattle during weaning is described. Opportunities are examined to increase resilience through genetic selection and through improved management practices that provide emotional and cognitive enrichment and stress inoculation.Additional keywords: affective state, allostasis, animal behaviour, animal temperament, animal welfare, disease resistance, genetic selection, homeostasis, resilience, robustness, stress inoculation.

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Section: Historical Concepts Of Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

2016

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“…N. battus, T. circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. appear to tolerate much lower temperatures very well (Andersen et al, 1966;Andersen and Levine, 1968;Ash and Atkinson, 1986;Pandey et al, 1993), whereas H. contortus appears sensitive to temperature drops below 238C (Rose, 1963;Todd et al, 1976;Philip, 1983). Overwinter survival rates of the latter species may, therefore, be enhanced if fewer 'extreme' frost events take place.…”

Section: Predicted Climatic Effects On Parasite Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions

Dijk

Sargison

Kenyon

et al. 2010

Animal

206

123

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In the UK, recent mean temperatures have consistently increased by between 18C and 48C compared to the 30-year monthly averages. Furthermore, all available predictive models for the UK indicate that the climate is likely to change further and feature more extreme weather events and a trend towards wetter, milder winters and hotter, drier summers. These changes will alter the prevalence of endemic diseases spatially and/or temporally and impact on animal health and welfare. Most notable among these endemic parasites are the helminths, which have been shown to be very strongly influenced by both the shortterm weather and climate through effects on their free-living larval stages on pasture. In this review, we examine recent trends in prevalence and epidemiology of key helminth species and consider whether these could be climate-related. We identify likely effects of temperature and rainfall on the free-living stages and some key parasite traits likely to determine parasite abundance under changed climatic conditions. We find clear evidence that climate change, especially elevated temperature, has already changed the overall abundance, seasonality and spatial spread of endemic helminths in the UK. We explore some confounders and alternative explanations for the observed patterns. Finally, we explore the implications of these findings for policy makers and the livestock industry and make some recommendations for future research priorities.

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“…Investigations carried out by Shorb (1944) and Dinaburg (1944) in Australia, by Dinnik (1958, 1961) in the Kenya Highlands, by Silverman and Campbell (1959) in Scotland, by Rose (1963) in England and by Altaif and Yakoob (1987) in Iraq on the development and survival of Haemonchus contomts showed that the rate of development and the longevity of the eggs varied at different temperatures and humidity and in different parts of the world. H. contortus is the main cause of hehninthosis in sheep in the Plateau State of Nigeria and it is the most common strongyle found in most of the sheep brought for post morfem examination at the National Veterinary Research Institute in Vom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae on pasture at Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria

Onyali

Onwuliri

1990

Veterinary Research Communications

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The development and survival of the eggs of Haemonchus contortus on pasture at Vom were studied by depositing faecal pellets on grass plots over a period of 12 months. Development and survival to the infective larvae occurred throughout the study except during the dry season months of December to April. More infective larvae were recovered from the herbage in June, July and August than in other months. The survival time of the infective larvae ranged from 2 weeks in October to 10 weeks in June, July and August. Rainfall was the most important epizootiological factor influencing the development and survival of the infective larvae. Temperature was not a limiting factor.

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Observations on the free-living stages of the stomach worm Haemonchus contortus

Cited by 66 publications

References 9 publications

Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

Resilience in farm animals: biology, management, breeding and implications for animal welfare

Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions

Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae on pasture at Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria

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