Observations on the nucleolar and total cell body nucleic acid of injured nerve cells

Watson, W. E.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008528

Cited by 259 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…Five experimental groups of rats were studied over a period of 2 years: each group consisted of several series treated similarly at different times: series of rats from each group were designed to overlap and run concurrently with those of other groups to minimize possible variation from seasonal change or from slowly changing observer error. In rats of the first group the left hypoglossal nerve was crushed at one of three sites; centrally at the level of the carotid bifurcation, proximally at its emergence through the anterior condylar foramen, or distally, the branches of the nerve being crushed within the tongue (Watson, 1968). In the second group, the left hypoglossal nerve was implanted into the ipsilateral, normally innervated sternomastoid, to impede reinnervation of denervated muscle.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rats were killed 90 min after injecting uridine and 60 min after leucine: previous unpublished studies had indicated that these intervals were optimum for detecting the altered uptake and incorporation which accompanied altered nucleolar nucleic acid content and dry mass. The autoradiographic techniques have been described previously (Watson, 1965;Sumner & Watson, 1972 (Watson, 1966b) Unlike such measurements in isolated neuronal nuclei (Watson, 1968(Watson, , 1969(Watson, , 1970, the nucleolar dry mass and nucleic acid content of neuroglial cells had to be measured within the total isolated cell, including thin covering and underlying layers of perinuclear cytoplasm in addition to nucleoplasin. Initial studies indicated that the values obtained for nucleolar dry mass and nucleic acid content were over-estimated by 18 and by 12 % respectively: similar values were obtained in cells reacting after axotomy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The part of the hypoglossal nucleus rostral to the obex was removed rapidly and glial cells prepared as described previously (Summer & Watson, 1972). The dry mass of the cell or of its nucleolus was measured by interference microscopy (Watson, 1969): the nucleic acid content was determined by ultraviolet absorption microspectrography (Watson, 1968). In autoradiographic studies tritiated [5-3H] Severinghaus, 1963): the final activity of the amino acid or uridine solution was 0-8 mCi/ml.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes in neuronal metabolism have been measured under these circumstances using quantitative techniques of cell biology (Watson, 1965(Watson, , 1966a(Watson, , 1968(Watson, , 1969. Concurrent changes in perineuronal glial cells have been observed histologically (Cammermeyer, 1955;Rapos & Bakos, 1959;Watson, 1965;Kreutzberg, 1966Kreutzberg, , 1967Sjbstrand, 1966;Friede & Johnstone, 1967;Roessmann & Friede, 1968;Adrian, 1969;Adrian & Smothermon, 1970), but are difficult to interpret because of the limited reproducibility of metal impregnation techniques, and because of the problems of classifying glial cells by nuclear morphology when basophilic stains are used, especially when the nuclei are partially obscured in autoradiographs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some quantitative observations upon the responses of neuroglial cells which follow axotomy of adjacent neurones

Watson¹

1972

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The dry mass and nucleic acid content of freshly isolated neuroglial cells and of their nucleoli were measured by interference microscopy and ultraviolet absorption microspectrography. The incorporation of tritiated nucleosides and of an amino acid was followed autoradiographically.2. After hypoglossal axotomy in the adult rat hypertrophy of astrocytes of the hypoglossal nucleus occurred in a biphasic manner. The first phase lasted from days 1-10 and was accompanied by a small degree of astrocytic hyperplasia, and the second from days 20-80. Hypertrophy of oligodendrocytes accompanied the second phase of the astrocytic response.3. When severed axons failed to reinnervate denervated muscle, the second phase of the astrocytic response was markedly reduced and the hypertrophy of oligodendrocytes did not occur.4. If the severed axons re-innervated denervated muscle after a controlled delay, the second phase of the astrocytic response and the oligodendroglial hypertrophy was also delayed.5. Injection of botulinum toxin into the tongue caused changes in astrocytes and oligondendrocytes closely resembling those found after axotomy.6. Transient astrocytic hypertrophy occurred in the uninjured right hypoglossal nucleus, and had a different time course to the changes occurring on the injured side.7. The results are discussed in relation to changes in the metabolism and to alterations in the dendritic fields of injured neurones, previously measured in these circumstances.14-2

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Some quantitative observations upon the responses of neuroglial cells which follow axotomy of adjacent neurones

Watson¹

1972

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Additionally, axotomy often induces increases in RNA and protein synthesis (e.g. Watson, 1965Watson, , 1968 Murray & Grafstein, 1969; for reviews see Lieberman, 1971 andMcQuarrie, 1978). Changes in both electrical properties and indices of metabolism have been observed in cockroach and cat spinal motor neurones (Eccles, Libet & Young, 1958;Cohen & Jacklet, 1965;Lieberman, 1971;Pitman, Tweedle & Cohen, 1972;Grafstein & McQuarrie, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic and metabolic dependence of axotomy‐induced somatic membrane changes in crayfish.

Kuwada¹

1981

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Axotomy induces a transient change in the soma membrane from non-spiking to spiking in many neurones of the crayfish abdominal C.N.s. The ionic and metabolic dependence of this phenomenon was investigated in one identified neurone.2. The inward current of axotomy-induced soma spikes is carried primarily by Na ions.3. Addition of 50mM-tetraethylammonium to the external saline unmasks predominantly Ca-mediated soma spikes in control cells. The calcium spikes are not affected by axotomy.4. Axotomy induces a transient increase in delayed rectification of the soma membrane.5. Membrane potential is dependent on the external potassium concentration as predicted by the Nernst function while external sodium has essentially no effect. This is not changed following axotomy.6. The inward current of the axon spike is primarily carried by sodium ions both before and after axotomy. The overshoot of the axon spike is not dramatically changed between the time when axotomy-induced soma spikes are present and when they have disappeared.7. Following axotomy, both the onset and offset of axotomy-induced soma spikes occur earlier when the temperature is raised by 100C.8. Cycloheximide retards or prevents soma spikes normally seen following axotomy.9. The results indicate that axotomy induces a transient increase in voltagedependent Na and K conductances but not Ca conductance, and that these changes are dependent on axotomy-initiated protein synthesis.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Sobue¹

1983

Arch Neurol

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This chapter was originally intended to cover both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis, but we will concentrate on ALS. There are nonetheless several reports from the literature that ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists have beneficial effects in animal models of multiple sclerosis (1,7,14,58,71,109) and this could develop into a very promising therapeutic area in the future. The interested reader is referred to the following review (59). However, the evidence for involvement of disturbances in the glutamatergic system in ALS is already convincing and has led to the use of the glutamate release inhibitor riluzole in the treatment of this disease. As such, we felt that a book on the therapeutic potential of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and modulators would be incomplete without a chapter on this disease. RATIONALEALS, commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease, is a devastating neurological disorder characterized by selective upper and lower somatic, but not autonomic, motor neurone degeneration leading to paralysis and eventually death. The diagnosis of ALS requires the presence of both upper and lower motor neurone degeneration and progressive motor dysfunction. ALS occurs in 1 to 2.5 cases per 100,000 population, affects more men than women, and is most commonly diagnosed in middle age. Other functions such as intellectual abilities and sensory perception are preserved. At advanced stages patients become completely disabled, often requiring ventilatory support and feeding by gas-

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Observations on the nucleolar and total cell body nucleic acid of injured nerve cells

Cited by 259 publications

References 45 publications

Some quantitative observations upon the responses of neuroglial cells which follow axotomy of adjacent neurones

Some quantitative observations upon the responses of neuroglial cells which follow axotomy of adjacent neurones

Ionic and metabolic dependence of axotomy‐induced somatic membrane changes in crayfish.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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