Observations on the numbers of the tickRhipicephalus appendiculatus on the ears of Zebu cattle in relation to hierarchical status in the herd

Newson, R. M.; Mella, P. N. P.; Franklin, T. E.

doi:10.1007/bf02240430

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…, Poulin and FitzGerald 1989 ;Mooring and Hart 1992) have shown that individuals in larger groups suffer less from parasitism, on average, than individuals in smaller groups; grouping can therefore be interpreted as an antiparasitism response. However, individuals in peripheral and particularly front positions of groups incur much higher parasite loads than individuals elsewhere (Newson et al 1973 ; Mooring and Hart 1992). We have shown in this study that parasitized killifish spend more time in peripheral positions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Influence of parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus

Krause¹,

Godin²

1994

Can. J. Zool.

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G.J. 1994. Influence of parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus. Can. J. Zool. 72: 1775 -1779. The banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), with other freshwater fish species, is the second intermediate host of the digenean trematode parasite Crassiphiala bulboglossa. We investigated whether and how the shoaling behaviour of parasitized killifish is altered in ways that may facilitate transmission of the parasite to its final host, the belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon). In mixed groups of parasitized and unparasitized killifish, parasitized individuals spent less time in shoals, had fewer neighbours within two body lengths, and occurred more frequently in peripheral shoal positions, where they are risk-prone, than unparasitized conspecifics did. After a simulated predator attack with a model of a stuffed belted kingfisher, parasitized individuals did not increase their shoaling tendency and thus had fewer near neighbours than unparasitized fish. These apparent parasite-mediated behavioural modifications in killifish may result in an increased probability of transmission of the parasite to its final, avian host. KRAUSE, J., et GODIN, J.-G.J. 1994. Influence of parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus. Can. J. Zool. 72 : 1775 -1779. Parmi d'autres poissons d'eau douce, le Fondule barrk (Fundulus diaphanus) constitue le second h8te intermkdiaire du trkmatode dighe parasite, Crassiphiala bulboglossa. Nous avons tent6 de dkterminer si, et comment, le parasitisme peut affecter la formation des bancs de f a~o n h faciliter la transmission du parasite h l'h8te terminal, le Martin-pCcheur d'Amkrique (Megaceryle alcyon). Chez les groupes mixtes de poissons parasitks et de poissons sains, les individus parasitks passent moins de temps dans le banc, ont moins de voisins h moins de deux longueurs de corps et se tiennent plus frkquemment en position pkriphkrique moins protkgke que les poissons non parasitks. Aprks l'attaque simulke d'un martin-pCcheur empaillk, les individus parasitks n'ont pas augment6 leur tendance h se regrouper en bancs et avaient donc moins de voisins immkdiats que les poissons non parasitks. Ces modifications apparentes du comportement occasionnkes par le parasitisme peuvent augmenter la probabilitk de transmission du parasite h l'oiseau qui constitue l'h8te terminal. [Traduit par la Rkdaction] IntroductionParasites can have profound effects on the behaviour of their hosts (Holmes and Bethel 1972;Milinski 1990). Milinski (1993) suggested that parasitized fish give more importance to food acquisition and less importance to the avoidance of predators than unparasitized fish do, because the nourishment of parasites and higher locomotory costs (Arme and Owen 1967; Lester 197 1) increase their energetic requirements. To date, behavioural studies on parasitism in fishes have mainly focused on how parasites affect the fish's trade-off between foraging and predation risk (e.g., Godin and Sproul 1988;Milinski 1993). If parasitized fish ac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Influence of parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus

Krause¹,

Godin²

1994

Can. J. Zool.

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“…Each animal was identified by a numbered ear-tag, and sufficient staff and restraint faculties allowed collections to be made with great ease and thoroughness. Periodic rearrangement of cattle within groups and paddocks prevented any one beast from assuming grazing dominance (Newson et al, 1973) so that-presumably-each animal provided an approximately equal host opportunity over the period. Four tick species were recorded-Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch, H. albiparmatum Schulze & Schlottke, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum., and R. pravus Don.…”

Section: Miscellaneous Observations and Anomaliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The feeding performance of the IxodidRhipicephalus appendiculatusNeum. on rabbits, cattle and other hosts

Branagan

1974

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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A study was made between 1967 and 1971 at Edinburgh University and at EAVRO, Muguga, of the variability in feeding performance of all three instars of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., with a view to better prediction of transmissions of Theileria parva. Variability could be definitely ascribed to factors within the ticks only when vigour was reduced after prolonged storage and when mating opportunity was withheld from attached females.Lower environmental temperatures prolonged engorgement, but it was arguable whether this effect was produced through the tick or through the host. All other sources of variability arose from influences within the host. The most significant of these were recognised in responses by rabbits in which resistance had been induced by successive infestations. Resistance was manifested by prolonged engorgement, by a reduction in numbers engorged and in degree of repletion, and by an increasing severity in host reaction. Three resistance mechanisms were suggested by host reactions-one appearing at the earliest stages of attachment, a second with the deposition of cement, and a third at the start of salivation. Each varied in efficacy, and each was capable of arresting an infestation. Cumulative and synergistic responses were ascribed to interactions between these mechanisms. Storage periods, sizes of infestations and sex ratios of R. appendiculatus were standardised within routine procedures, and abundant records of previous and subsequent performances on rabbits and cattle are presented for comparison and reference. Comparison of feeding performances on different animals suggests that cattle, buffalo, eland, waterbuck and oryx are as satisfactory as hosts as the rabbit, whereas Thomson's gazelle, wildebeest, sheep and goat are less so. Immature instars successfully completed engorgement on mongoose, cane rat, genet, domestic fowl and spur-fowl.

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“…Individuals at the front of a mobile group generally benefit from having first access to any food encountered (Krause et al 1998), but often face higher predation and mobile parasite risk (Newsom et al 1973, Morrell andRomey 2008). Newsom et al (1973) showed that leaders in herds of East African Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) had a higher infection intensity of the mobile SLC brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) than followers. As leader positions provide individuals with first access to food, these positions may also come with a higher risk of acquiring trophically-transmitted CLC parasites, but this idea is yet to be studied.…”

Section: Use Of Social Grouping To Reduce Infection Severitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitism and the tradeoffs of social grouping: The role of parasite transmission mode

Nadler,

Jolles,

Binning

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Animals use social grouping for numerous fitness-enhancing processes, such as foraging, social learning, defense, and energy expenditure. One broadly referenced negative consequence of social grouping is the increased risk of exposure to parasites, which are defined broadly here as organisms with obligate, persistent, and harmful consumer associations with a host. However, there is growing evidence that group living can also act as a defensive mechanism against parasites. Here, we present a conceptual framework that explores host sociability in the context of parasite life history, arguing that the positive or negative impact of a social lifestyle on infection risk is strongly linked to the parasite’s transmission mode. We discuss the link between host sociability and infection risk with respect to common, non-mutually exclusive differences in transmission: direct vs. indirect, density- vs. frequency-dependent, and simple vs. complex life cycles. We then use our framework to discuss the mechanisms for active parasite avoidance, passive effects of infection-induced phenotypes, and their impacts on host social networks. Further, we highlight additional important factors that can modulate these dynamics (e.g., parasite virulence, infection intensity, co-infection by multiple parasites, and environmental factors). The goal of this broad, comparative approach is to provide researchers from multiple disciplines with a unified framework to better understand the relationship between social grouping and host-parasite interactions across diverse systems.

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Observations on the numbers of the tickRhipicephalus appendiculatus on the ears of Zebu cattle in relation to hierarchical status in the herd

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

Influence of parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus

Influence of parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of banded killifish, Fundulus diaphanus

The feeding performance of the IxodidRhipicephalus appendiculatusNeum. on rabbits, cattle and other hosts

Parasitism and the tradeoffs of social grouping: The role of parasite transmission mode

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