Observations on the Rare Earths. XLIV. Preparation of Anhydrous Rare Earth Compounds by the Action of Fused and Solid “Onium” Salts on the Oxides

Reed, James B.; Hopkins, B. S.; Audrieth, L. F.

doi:10.1021/ja01310a003

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…As experimental evidence for the relatively high basicities of the oxides of these elements, one can cite the ease with which even the strongly ignited oxides of all but scandium dissolve in acids (66,79,250,263,285,305,416); dissolve in ammonium salt solutions with the liberation of ammonia (20,21,45,244,250,263,343); dissolve in aniline hydrochloride solutions (233); react with such hightemperature acids as ammonium salts (5,146,147,181,351,352,394,450), borax (31,154), metaphosphate (31), and alkali bisulfate (231,363) or pyrosulfate (11, 212); and absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (114,250,263,278,285). To these can be added the comparatively high water solubilities and precipitation pH values of the hydrous oxides and hydroxides (64,65,74,167,222,297,327,361,389,398), the tendencies of at least some of the oxides to slake with water (244, 250, 278, 285), the absorption of carbon dioxide by hydrous lanthanum (12,...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Basicity Characteristics of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Rare Earth Elements.

Moeller¹,

Kremers²

1945

Chem. Rev.

113

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Basicity Characteristics of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Rare Earth Elements.

Moeller¹,

Kremers²

1945

Chem. Rev.

113

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“…9 , 233 A more convenient method consists of the reaction of the RE oxides, RE 2 O 3 , with NH 4 X (X = Cl, Br, I) at high temperatures. Reed et al originally developed this methodology as a solid-state synthesis (“dry method”) for RECl 3 and REBr 3 , 336 , 337 which was later applied for the preparation of REI 3 by Young and Hastings ( B , Scheme 41 ). 338 However, this approach can also be implemented in synthetic laboratories as a “wet method” by dissolving the RE oxides in acid (HCl and HBr) and in the presence of NH 4 X (X = Cl, Br).…”

Section: Halidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Starting Materials and Methodologies for Synthetic Chemistry

Ortu

2022

Chem. Rev.

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The number of rare earth (RE) starting materials used in synthesis is staggering, ranging from simple binary metal-halide salts to borohydrides and “designer reagents” such as alkyl and organoaluminate complexes. This review collates the most important starting materials used in RE synthetic chemistry, including essential information on their preparations and uses in modern synthetic methodologies. The review is divided by starting material category and supporting ligands ( i.e. , metals as synthetic precursors, halides, borohydrides, nitrogen donors, oxygen donors, triflates, and organometallic reagents), and in each section relevant synthetic methodologies and applications are discussed.

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“…Therefore, it was necessary to seek some other method. Several were tried; the most satisfactory is that proposed by Reed, Hopkins, and Audrieth (23). Ten grams of lanthanum oxide was heated with 15 g. of ammonium chloride in a glass bulb to 250°C.…”

Section: Alcohol Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LANTHANUM AMALGAM ELECTRODE FOR PRECISE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE MEASUREMENTS¹

Parks¹,

Kingerley²

1938

J. Phys. Chem.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether a suitable galvanic cell involving a lanthanum amalgam electrode could be constructed for precise e.m.f. measurements. A need for such measurements arises from the fact that, with the exception of the work of Hakomori (7) on indium chloride, there has been very little data obtained on electrochemical cells involving salts of trivalent metals.The more common trivalent metal salts, such as those of iron, chromium, aluminum, and indium, are highly hydrolyzed in aqueous solution and do not lend themselves to precise e.m.f. measurements. The addition of an acid to prevent hydrolysis introduces a difficult correction factor when the data are treated theoretically. Attention is turned to lanthanum which, according to Ley (18), is not hydrolyzed to any appreciable degree. If this metal can be developed into a reproducible electrode, it will give free energy measurements that may be employed to test further the interionic attraction theory of Debye and Hückel as extended by LaMer, Gronwall, and Greiff (14) for electrolytes of the unsymmetrical valence type. Furthermore, if the temperature coefficients of the cell are obtained, certain thermodynamic quantities of the cell process can be calculated by means of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. The free energy change for the cell process, the entropy, and the heat capacity may also be investigated.Müller (21) carried out an investigation of certain electrochemical cells with lanthanum. He was interested primarily in the effect of varying the lanthanum content of the amalgam rather than the concentration of the salt. Furthermore, his cells contained a salt bridge, which introduces factors that are difficult to treat theoretically. His data were not reproducible enough to give significant results when subjected to a rigorous mathematical treatment.

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Observations on the Rare Earths. XLIV. Preparation of Anhydrous Rare Earth Compounds by the Action of Fused and Solid “Onium” Salts on the Oxides

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

The Basicity Characteristics of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Rare Earth Elements.

The Basicity Characteristics of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Rare Earth Elements.

Rare Earth Starting Materials and Methodologies for Synthetic Chemistry

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LANTHANUM AMALGAM ELECTRODE FOR PRECISE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE MEASUREMENTS¹

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Observations on the Rare Earths. XLIV. Preparation of Anhydrous Rare Earth Compounds by the Action of Fused and Solid “Onium” Salts on the Oxides

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

The Basicity Characteristics of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Rare Earth Elements.

The Basicity Characteristics of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Rare Earth Elements.

Rare Earth Starting Materials and Methodologies for Synthetic Chemistry

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LANTHANUM AMALGAM ELECTRODE FOR PRECISE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE MEASUREMENTS1

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AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LANTHANUM AMALGAM ELECTRODE FOR PRECISE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE MEASUREMENTS¹