Observations on the Ruminal Microorganisms of Isolated and Inoculated Calves

Bryant, M. P.; Small, Nola

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(60)90216-2

Cited by 78 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As previously observed in calves by Bryant et al (1958), Bryant & Small (1960 and JayneWilliams (1979), the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microflora in our lambs reared in normal conditions of husbandry declined rapidly with the age of the animals. This decrease may be due to the low growth yield of facultatively anaerobic bacteria, which is often only half that of strictly anaerobic bacteria (Hespell & Bryant, 1979).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…In the calf, only Bryant etal. (1 958), Bryant & Small (1960), and Jayne- Williams (1979) have studied the establishment of strictly anaerobic bacteria while other workers have restricted themselves to direct counts of bacteria by light microscopy (Pounden & Hibbs, 1948a, b) or have simply concentrated on a few easily grown bacterial groups (Mackay & Oxford, 1954;Mann & Oxford, 1954, 1955Lengemann & Allen, 1959;Ziolecki & Briggs, 1961). In the lamb only the epimural flora (bacteria attached to the rumen wall) has been studied (Mueller et al, 1984a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Establishment of the Microflora and Anaerobic Fungi in the Rumen of Lambs

Fonty¹,

Gouet²,

Jouany³

et al. 1987

Microbiology

150

201

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of the Microflora and Anaerobic Fungi in the Rumen of Lambs

Fonty¹,

Gouet²,

Jouany³

et al. 1987

Microbiology

150

201

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“…Borhami et al (1967) found a more rapid growth rate in inoculated than in uninoculated calves. Bryant and Small (1960) on the other hand, reported that the lack of a normal microbiological population in calves did not have any drastic effect on the animals' growth or health up to 17 weeks of age. According to Minakov (1967) rumen ciliates appear earlier in calves inoculated with rumen contents from adult cattle than in uninoculated calves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Ruminal Fauna in Calves Raised in Isolation from the Dams

Crha¹,

Holub²

1978

Acta Vet. Brno

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Acta vet. Bmo, 47, 1978: 127-135.Six Slovak Spotted calves raised in isolation form their dams were examined for the presence of rumen protozoa from birth to 29 weeks of age. Entodinia were first observed 19 weeks after the animals had been fed roughage for 8 weeks. Eremoplastron spp. and Epidinium spp. occurred from the 25th week and Eudoplodimum spp. from the 27th week after birth. In three calves left with their dams for 20 days after birth entodinia were observed as early as 13 weeks after birth and epidinia and isotricha were present from the 18th week after birth. Rumen microorganisms, protozoa, Entodiniomorpha, Holotricha.There are conflicting reports as to the time at which protozoa first appear in the rumen of calves but it is, no doubt, rather late after birth. Although they may make their appearance in the first or second week after birth, provided that ruminal pH is higher than 6.0 they were generally demonstrated from the third week after birth (Lengemann and Allen 1959). According to other reports they do not appear until calves are 8 weeks old and then only in 15 per cent of animals (Latteur 1953), or even as late as 16 weeks after birth (Conrad et al. 1958).These discrepancies are not surprising when one reftects that the time at which protozoa possibly with the exception of ftagellates (Eadie 1962), appear in the rumen depends on contact of the calves with older, protozoa-harbouring animals (Strelkov et a1. 1933;Pounden and Hibbs 1950;Bryant et al. 1958;, Borhami et al. 1967.It is therefore conceivable that the methods of rearing particularly under intensive husbandry conditions inftuence faunation of the calves to a considerable extent. Since early establishment of ciliates in the rumen is important to the development and growth of calves, all practices that advance or delay the onset of rumen faunation, thus affecting the progress of transformation of a suckling into a ruminant, are of great importance and may have far-reaching consequences. Material and Methods AnimalsThe experimental animals were Slovak Spotted calves. They were separated from the dams immediately after birth before being licked by the cows. They were transferred first to a calf house where they were given a shower-bath, were brushed and then individually penned in cages bedded with straw. They were fed a milk diet four times a day for the first four days and three times a day for the next 15 days. At 20 days of age they were shifted to granulated alfalfa meal. At one month of age they were changed to clover hay. After being penned in cages up to 11 weeks of age, the animals were transferred to another calf house, about 200 m distant from the previous one, where they were loose-housed. One week later they were transferted to a third calf house, about 200 m distant fromthe previous one, where they were housed about twenty to a pen and fed alfalfa and clover hay ad libitum, received barley-and-maize meal three times a day and were provided with water. Afterwards they were transferted to a fourth calf house, about 800 m distant...

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“…, Kyosuke HIDAKA 3) , Takakibi MISHIMA 4) , Kazumi NIBE 5) , Go KITAHARA 3) , Yuichi HIDAKA 6) , Hiromu KATAMOTO 4) and Shunichi KAMIMURA 2) Takaharu Veterinary Clinic, Takaharu, Nishimorokata, Miyazaki 889-4412, 3) Laboratories of Theriogenology, 4) Veterinary Internal Medicine and 6) Veterinary Surgery and 5) Division ABSTRACT. The effect of sugar supplementation with 1 g/kg BW twice a week for eight weeks on rumen protozoa was determined in ten retarded growth calves.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Among the rumen protozoa, Entodinium, a representative of small-type protozoa is first observed in the newborn calf and is rather resistant to the acid rumen environment. Isotrichid, a representative of large-type protozoa, appears with the elevation of rumen pH [5,7]. The total volume of rumen protozoa doubles when large quantities of starch or carbohydrate materials are fed to the animal; however, small-type Entodinium, which occupies a greater portion of this transition, may not increase over a certain level [6,16].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Sugar Supplementation on Rumen Protozoa Profile and Papillae Development in Retarded Growth Calves

Sato

Hidaka

Mishima

et al. 2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The effect of sugar supplementation with 1 g/kg BW twice a week for eight weeks on rumen protozoa was determined in ten retarded growth calves. Rumen juice was sampled by abdominal paracentesis during the experiment. Papillae development of rumens excised by experimental laparotomy was macro-and micromorphologically determined before and after sugar supplementation in a selected calf. The numbers of Entodinium, Isotricha, Dasytricha and Epidinium protozoa increased by 3 to 12 folds after 1-3 wk of supplementation and subsequently decreased. The heights of the rumen papillae after sugar supplementation showed marked development compared with before supplementation (Post vs. Pre: 4.44  0.43 vs. 1.36  0.24 mm). Sugar supplementation accommodates the rumen protozoa profile and stimulates papillae development in retarded growth calves.KEY WORDS: protozoa, retarded growth calf, rumen papillae, sugar supplementation.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 72(11): 1471-1474, 2010 The rumen of the neonatal calf occupies about 20% of the volume of the whole stomach, and development of the rumen is completed by 14 to 16 weeks of age. The constituents of rumen microflora are formulated in the early growth period. In general, the number of rumen protozoa in a calf exceeds more than 10 6 /ml, which is equivalent to 1.8% of the whole rumen contents, and a similar ratio of rumen bacteria is found in the cow [4]. Among the rumen protozoa, Entodinium, a representative of small-type protozoa is first observed in the newborn calf and is rather resistant to the acid rumen environment. Isotrichid, a representative of large-type protozoa, appears with the elevation of rumen pH [5,7]. The total volume of rumen protozoa doubles when large quantities of starch or carbohydrate materials are fed to the animal; however, small-type Entodinium, which occupies a greater portion of this transition, may not increase over a certain level [6,16]. Development of rumen papillae is well correlated with calf growth; therefore, if a calf shows growth retardation or delayed weaning, the rumen papilla remains undeveloped [22], which decreases farm productivity. Therefore, early weaning or feeding of adequate concentrates for a calf is recommended to promote rumen development and successful calf growth [3,18,21,23]. Completion of rumen development also depends on the intake of concentrate or hay and their ingredients [8,[11][12][13]20]. Starch or carbohydrates in concentrates fed to calves is converted to volatile fatty acids (VFA), i.e., propionic acid or butyric acid, which shifts the rumen into an acidic condition [3] and promotes papillae growth or increase in the volume of rumen protozoa [9,10,12].The simplest material for production of propionic acid by rumen fermentation is sucrose, the main component (95.4%) of table sugar, and the growth effect of periodic sugar supplementation on retarded growth calves, i.e., daily weight gain (DG) and the blood level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been clinically reported before [19]. Therefore, the authors ...

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Observations on the Ruminal Microorganisms of Isolated and Inoculated Calves

Cited by 78 publications

References 18 publications

Establishment of the Microflora and Anaerobic Fungi in the Rumen of Lambs

Establishment of the Microflora and Anaerobic Fungi in the Rumen of Lambs

Ruminal Fauna in Calves Raised in Isolation from the Dams

Effect of Sugar Supplementation on Rumen Protozoa Profile and Papillae Development in Retarded Growth Calves

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