OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF <i>RHODOSPIRILLUM RUBRUM </i>

Hickman, Donald D.; Frenkel, Albert W.

doi:10.1083/jcb.25.2.279

Cited by 37 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Stacking of photosynthetic membranes occurs in many (4,11,12,15,17,18,25,27,46,52), but not all (10,11,26), photosynthetic bacteria, in all algae but the blue-green, red, and brown classes (see reference 21), and in all higher plants with the exception of those chloroplasts located in the bundle-sheath cells of certain grasses (34) . We have surveyed the literature to determine the size and distribution of particles in freeze-cleaved or freezeetched membranes from various photosynthetic organisms other than higher plants (5,6,14,18,24,27,48), but extensive variability in the quality of the preparations makes it very difficult to compare one micrograph with another .…”

Section: Membrane Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Differentiation of Stacked and Unstacked Chloroplast Membranes

Goodenough

Staehelin

1971

The Journal of Cell Biology

196

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Wild-type chloroplast membranes from Chlamydomonas reinhardi exhibit four faces in freeze-etchreplicas: the complementary Bs and Cs faces are found where the membranes are stacked together; the complementary Bu and Cu faces are found in unstacked membranes. The Bs face carries a dense population of regularly spaced particles containing the large, 160 ± 10 A particles that appear to be unique to chloroplast membranes. Under certain growth conditions, membrane stacking does not occur in the ac-5 strain. When isolated, these membranes remain unstacked, exhibit only Bu and Cu faces, and retain the ability to carry out normal photosynthesis. Membrane stacking is also absent in the ac-31 strain, and, when isolated in a low-salt medium, these membranes remain unstacked and exhibit only Bu and Cu faces. When isolated in a high-salt medium, however, they stack normally, and Bs and Cs faces are produced by this in vitro stacking process. We conclude that certain particle distributions in the chloroplast membrane are created as a consequence of the stacking process, and that the ability of membranes to stack can be modified both by gene mutation and by the ionic environment in which the membranes are found.

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Section: Membrane Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Differentiation of Stacked and Unstacked Chloroplast Membranes

Goodenough

Staehelin

1971

The Journal of Cell Biology

196

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“…(iii) The occurrence of a polar membrane (Fig. 3) has been associated mainly with helical bacteria (9,10,16,20,24 (2,27). CV) Some species of Aquuspirillum become nearly straight rods upon prolonged transfer or by selection of mutants (31,34; see also Fig.…”

Section: Int J Syst Bacteriolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Aquaspirillum fasciculus sp. nov., a Rod-shaped, Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Having Unusual Flagella

Strength

Isani

Linn

et al. 1976

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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In 1971, Strength and Krieg reported the isolation of a gram-negative freshwater rod which exhibited bipolar flagellar fascicles clearly visible by dark-field microscopy. The flagellar fascicles exhibited helical wave propagation, basal bending, and an ability to coil up like springs. Despite the flagellar activity, the cells were apparently unable to swim freely. Such organisms appeared to be similar morphologically to an organism previously described by Houwink in 1953 and Jarosch in 1969. The present report describes a reliable isolation method for such organisms based on the use of L-proline and semisolid agar. Upon isolation, the organisms grew in flocs, from which a highly viscous matrix could be separated by high-speed centrifugation. After many transfers, the growth gradually became homogeneous and turbid, and the viscous substance could no longer be demonstrated. Under certain conditions of growth, steady straight-line motility could be observed and photographed within viscous flocs. Straight-line, free-swimming motility occurred in viscous suspensions of cells prepared by homogenization of flocs. In 8-to 12-h-old cultures in the nonviscous homogeneous condition, some cells could swim slowly in irregular, circular paths; other could move about on surfaces. When the viscosity of the medium was increased, nearly every cell could swim freely and steadily in straight paths. A viscosity of 200 centipoise was optimal for strain XI, whereas 10 centipoise was optimal for strains X and XU. These results suggest that the organisms may be highly adapted to life within viscous flocs. The organism exhibited nitrogenase activity when tested by methods developed by Dobereiner and her colleagues for "Spirillum" lipoferum; Aquaspirillum peregrinum also was found to possess nitrogenase activity. Investigation of the physiology and deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of strains X, XI, and XI1 has indicated that even though the organisms are straight rods, they are probably members of the genus Aquaspirillum. Important taxonomic considerations include: coccoid body or "microcyst" formation, possession of a "polar membrane" similar to that occurring in certain spirilla, bipolar tufts of flagella, a strictly respiratory metabolism, inability to attack carbohydrates, positive catalase and oxidase reactions, and a deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of 62 to 65 mol% guanine plus cytosine. The organisms were assigned to a new species, Aquaspirillum fasciculus, and the type strain was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection under the number 27740.In 1953, Houwink (11) described a "rod-like" bacterium which exhibited a "floundering" rather than a swimming type of motility. In resting specimens, both bipolar flagellar fascicles had the form of a coiled spring. The cells seldom moved more than a cell length, but in Present address:

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“…However, the investigators may not have been familiar with the polar membrane structure which is often found in polarly flagellated grain-negative bacteria (A. serpens [28]; Campylobacter fetus [10,30]; Ectothiorhodospira mobilis [29]; Rhodospirillum spp. [7,12,13]; Vibrio cholerae [10]). A polar membrane has also been observed in Selenomonas ruminantium (6 and extending into the cytoplasm approximately 20 nm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure and biochemistry of the cell wall of Methanococcus voltae

Koval¹,

Jarrell²

1987

J Bacteriol

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The ultrastructure and chemical composition of the cell wail of the marine archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae were studied by negative-staining and freeze-etch electron microscopy and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. M The RS protein could be solubilized by urea, guanidine hydrochloride, dithiothreitol, and several detergents, including Nonidet P-40, Triton X-100, and Tween 20. However, the most specific release of the wall protein from envelopes occurred after a heat treatment in HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) buffer at 50 to 60°C.Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and certain thermoacidophilic and sulfur-dependent organisms compose the archaebacteria, a third line of evolutionary descent distinct from the eubacteria and eucaryotic cells (37). One of the distinguishing features of the archaebacteria is the wide variety of cell wall types, none of which possesses the typical murein structure of eubacteria (17). Archaebacterial cell walls can possess acidic polysaccharides, (Halococcus and Methanosarcina spp.), pseudomurein (Methanobacterium spp.), and protein sheaths (Methanospirillum spp.), as well as regularly-structured (RS) protein or glycoprotein layers. These protein layers are commonly referred to as RS (21) or S (surface) (32) layers. The RS layers of archaebacteria have predominantly hexagonal symmetry (33). Whereas RS layers in eubacteria form a surface layer external to the wall, in the archaebacteria (including thermoacidophilic, halophilic, and methanogenic organisms), they may be the sole component of the wall (32,33).Among the methanogens, there are RS layers in numerous genera including Methanococcus, Methanolobus, Methanothermus, Methanoplanus, Methanomicrobium, and Methanogenium (18,32,33). Most reports are limited to observations with the electron microscope of structured arrays visualized on the cell surface after negative staining or freeze-etching. In archaebacteria, virtually nothing is known about the biochemistry of RS layers or the assembly, secretion, and attachment of the protein to the plasma membrane or wall. In this paper, we report the beginning of a detailed study of the RS layer of the marine methanogen Methanococcus voltae. This organism was chosen for study because

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OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF RHODOSPIRILLUM RUBRUM

Cited by 37 publications

References 17 publications

Structural Differentiation of Stacked and Unstacked Chloroplast Membranes

Structural Differentiation of Stacked and Unstacked Chloroplast Membranes

Isolation and Characterization of Aquaspirillum fasciculus sp. nov., a Rod-shaped, Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Having Unusual Flagella

Ultrastructure and biochemistry of the cell wall of Methanococcus voltae

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