Observations on the ultrastructure and viability of the cystic stage of Blastocystis hominis from human feces

Moe, KT; Singh, Mulkit; Howe, J.; Ho, L. C.; Tan, S. W.; Ng, G. C.; Chen, X. Q.; Yap, E. H.

doi:10.1007/s004360050142

Cited by 51 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…One report (237) described the presence of large multinucleate cysts from the stools of Macaca monkeys, which were 15 m in size, and this was suggested to be an indication of differences among Blastocystis species. Blastocystis cysts were reportedly able to survive in water for up to 19 days at a normal temperature but are fragile at extreme temperatures and in common disinfec- tants (154). A later study (306) showed that cysts could survive up to 1 month at 25°C and 2 months at 4°C.…”

Section: Morphological Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cyst form ( Fig. 1A and 3) is the most recently described form of the parasite, and the late discovery is due to its small size (2 to 5 m), which can result in confusion with fecal debris, and the observation that cysts are infrequently seen in laboratory culture (46,153,154,234,312). The cysts are variable in shape but are mostly ovoid or spherical.…”

Section: Morphological Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Insights on Classification, Identification, and Clinical Relevance of Blastocystis spp

Tan¹

2008

Clin Microbiol Rev

621

715

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SUMMARY Blastocystis is an unusual enteric protozoan parasite of humans and many animals. It has a worldwide distribution and is often the most commonly isolated organism in parasitological surveys. The parasite has been described since the early 1900s, but only in the last decade or so have there been significant advances in our understanding of Blastocystis biology. However, the pleomorphic nature of the parasite and the lack of standardization in techniques have led to confusion and, in some cases, misinterpretation of data. This has hindered laboratory diagnosis and efforts to understand its mode of reproduction, life cycle, prevalence, and pathogenesis. Accumulating epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro data strongly suggest that Blastocystis is a pathogen. Many genotypes exist in nature, and recent observations indicate that humans are, in reality, hosts to numerous zoonotic genotypes. Such genetic diversity has led to a suggestion that previously conflicting observations on the pathogenesis of Blastocystis are due to pathogenic and nonpathogenic genotypes. Recent epidemiological, animal infection, and in vitro host-Blastocystis interaction studies suggest that this may indeed be the case. This review focuses on such recent advances and also provides updates on laboratory and clinical aspects of Blastocystis spp.

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Section: Morphological Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphological Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights on Classification, Identification, and Clinical Relevance of Blastocystis spp

Tan¹

2008

Clin Microbiol Rev

621

715

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“…This is not surprising since the transmissible form of the parasite is the water-resistant cyst (154). In a study involving a Thai army population, Blastocystis was found to be the most common (21.9%) intestinal parasite (248).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

Podrabsky

Lopez

Fan

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

129

154

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SUMMARY The annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus survives in ephemeral pond habitats by producing drought-tolerant diapausing embryos. These embryos probably experience oxygen deprivation as part of their normal developmental environment. We assessed the anoxia tolerance of A. limnaeus embryos across the duration of embryonic development. Embryos develop a substantial tolerance to anoxia during early development, which peaks during diapause II. This extreme tolerance of anoxia is retained during the first 4 days of post-diapause II development and is then lost. Metabolism during anoxia appears to be supported mainly by production of lactate, with alanine and succinate production contributing to a lesser degree. Anoxic embryos also accumulate large quantities of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA), a potential protector of neural function. It appears that the suite of characters associated with normal development and entry into diapause II in this species prepares the embryos for long-term survival in anoxia even while the embryos are exposed to aerobic conditions. This is the first report of such extreme anoxia tolerance in a vertebrate embryo, and introduces a new model for the study of anoxia tolerance in vertebrates.

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“…However, the cyst form appears resistant to some environmental conditions. One experimental study (Moe et al, 1996) found that cysts from the faeces of a symptomatic patient were able to maintain viability, as assessed by subsequent culture techniques, for up to 19 days in water at room temperature, and up to 14 days in water at 48C. Blastocystis has been isolated from sewage, using culture techniques .…”

Section: Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blastocystis

Stenzel¹,

Boreham²

2001

Principles and Practise of Clinical Parasitology

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Observations on the ultrastructure and viability of the cystic stage of Blastocystis hominis from human feces

Cited by 51 publications

References 13 publications

New Insights on Classification, Identification, and Clinical Relevance of Blastocystis spp

New Insights on Classification, Identification, and Clinical Relevance of Blastocystis spp

Extreme anoxia tolerance in embryos of the annual killifishAustrofundulus limnaeus: insights from a metabolomics analysis

Blastocystis

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