Observed and Expected Poliomyelitis in the United States, 1958-1961

Stickle, G

doi:10.2105/ajph.54.8.1222

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The coverage of RI is assumed to be 80%. While the herd immunity effects of IPV are evident in developed nations, where the oral-oral transmission route likely dominates [ 25 , 26 ], they are poorly characterized in developing countries, where the fecal-oral transmission route dominates. At the individual level, recent monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2) challenge studies comparing a variety of mixed IPV-bivalent OPV (bOPV) schedules have found that mixed IPV-bOPV schedules provide heterotypic mucosal immunity to type 2 that appears superior to that from bOPV or IPV alone but inferior to that from mOPV2 or trivalent OPV (tOPV) [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of type 2 oral polio vaccine use in post-cessation outbreak response

McCarthy

Chabot-Couture

Lyons

et al. 2017

BMC Med

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BackgroundWild type 2 poliovirus was last observed in 1999. The Sabin-strain oral polio vaccine type 2 (OPV2) was critical to eradication, but it is known to revert to a neurovirulent phenotype, causing vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. OPV2 is also transmissible and can establish circulating lineages, called circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), which can also cause paralytic outbreaks. Thus, in April 2016, OPV2 was removed from immunization activities worldwide. Interrupting transmission of cVDPV2 lineages that survive cessation will require OPV2 in outbreak response, which risks seeding new cVDPVs. This potential cascade of outbreak responses seeding VDPVs, necessitating further outbreak responses, presents a critical risk to the OPV2 cessation effort.MethodsThe EMOD individual-based disease transmission model was used to investigate OPV2 use in outbreak response post-cessation in West African populations. A hypothetical outbreak response in northwest Nigeria is modeled, and a cVDPV2 lineage is considered established if the Sabin strain escapes the response region and continues circulating 9 months post-response. The probability of this event was investigated in a variety of possible scenarios.ResultsUnder a broad range of scenarios, the probability that widespread OPV2 use in outbreak response (~2 million doses) establishes new cVDPV2 lineages in this model may exceed 50% as soon as 18 months or as late as 4 years post-cessation.ConclusionsThe risk of a cycle in which outbreak responses seed new cVDPV2 lineages suggests that OPV2 use should be managed carefully as time from cessation increases. It is unclear whether this risk can be mitigated in the long term, as mucosal immunity against type 2 poliovirus declines globally. Therefore, current programmatic strategies should aim to minimize the possibility that continued OPV2 use will be necessary in future years: conducting rapid and aggressive outbreak responses where cVDPV2 lineages are discovered, maintaining high-quality surveillance in all high-risk settings, strengthening the use of the inactivated polio vaccine as a booster in the OPV2-exposed and in routine immunization, and gaining access to currently inaccessible areas of the world to conduct surveillance.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12916-017-0937-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The risk of type 2 oral polio vaccine use in post-cessation outbreak response

McCarthy

Chabot-Couture

Lyons

et al. 2017

BMC Med

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“…In particular, it is less effective in preventing poliovirus replication and shedding in the intestine. Despite being protected from paralysis, IPV-immunized individuals may, therefore, contribute to fecal–oral poliovirus transmission, substantially diminishing the herd effects of immunization [7] .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of inactivated poliovirus vaccine on mucosal immunity: implications for the polio eradication endgame

Parker

Molodecky

Pons-Salort

et al. 2015

Expert Review of Vaccines

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The polio eradication endgame aims to bring transmission of all polioviruses to a halt. To achieve this aim, it is essential to block viral replication in individuals via induction of a robust mucosal immune response. Although it has long been recognized that inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is incapable of inducing a strong mucosal response on its own, it has recently become clear that IPV may boost immunity in the intestinal mucosa among individuals previously immunized with oral poliovirus vaccine. Indeed, mucosal protection appears to be stronger following a booster dose of IPV than oral poliovirus vaccine, especially in older children. Here, we review the available evidence regarding the impact of IPV on mucosal immunity, and consider the implications of this evidence for the polio eradication endgame. We conclude that the implementation of IPV in both routine and supplementary immunization activities has the potential to play a key role in halting poliovirus transmission, and thereby hasten the eradication of polio.

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“…Epidemiological evidence for this community effect of Salk vaccine was reported by Gard (1961) in Sweden and by Stickle (1964) in the United States. More recently in Sweden, Gard (1964) reported the complete elimination of polioviruses as a result of a systematic campaign in which Salk vaccine was given to a high proportion of the population.…”

Section: Salk Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 81%

A survey of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in the faeces of normal children aged 0–4 years: A report of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Society of Medical Officers of Health

Galbraith

1965

Epidemiol. Infect.

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In a survey of enterovirus and adenovirus excretion in normal children in 1961–62, 25,600 faecal specimens were examined, 25,589 of them in cell culture and 17,596 in newborn mice.Polioviruses were isolated from 156 (0·86%) specimens before Sabin vaccination was introduced in February 1962 and from 389 (5·27%) specimens after this. Coxsackie A viruses were isolated from 894 (5·08%) specimens, Coxsackie B viruses from 196 (0·77%), echoviruses from 278 (1·09%) and adenoviruses from 128 (0·50%).The isolation rates of these viruses varied with sex, age, geographical area, type of local authority area and season.The isolation rate of polioviruses before the introduction of Sabin vaccination was the same as in a previous survey carried out in 1957–58, although the rate was lower in Salk vaccinated children than in unvaccinated children. After Sabin vaccination began the isolation rate increased and Type 3 virus replaced Type 1 virus as the most prevalent virus type.

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Observed and Expected Poliomyelitis in the United States, 1958-1961

Cited by 34 publications

References 8 publications

The risk of type 2 oral polio vaccine use in post-cessation outbreak response

The risk of type 2 oral polio vaccine use in post-cessation outbreak response

Impact of inactivated poliovirus vaccine on mucosal immunity: implications for the polio eradication endgame

A survey of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in the faeces of normal children aged 0–4 years: A report of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Society of Medical Officers of Health

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