Observed changes in wet days and dry spells over the IGAD region of eastern Africa

Abstract

Changes in wet and dry patterns have an impact on rain-fed agriculture, crop productivity, and food security in Eastern Africa. The purpose of this research is to look into the changes in wet days and dry periods within the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) region. Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station Data (CHIRPS) and Multi Models Ensembles (MME) of 10 historical simulations and projections from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) models were employed as the data source. Several statistical approaches, as well as wet and dry spell thresholds, were used to calculate patterns of change in wet and dry spells on a decadal (10-year), 20, 30, and 41-year time scale. The results show the region exhibits decrease a decrease in the number of wet days and protracted dry spells in the 1980s, followed by an extraordinary (exceptional) increase in wet days in the subsequent decades (2011–2020) during March–May (MAM), June–September (JJAS), and October-December (OND). In Kenya, Somalia, southeastern Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti, the probability of surpassing 7, 14, 21, 28 days (1, 2, 3, 4 spells) was less than 5%. Furthermore, floods in 1997, 2018, 2019, and 2020, as well as droughts in 1983, 1984, 1985, and 2021, were triggered by an increase or decrease in the number of wet days and dry spells over most of the region. The number of wet days is projected to decrease by 10–20% during the MAM season across Sudan, South Sudan, and central and northern Ethiopia, JJAS is projected to increase by 30–50% across central and northern Sudan. However, during the OND season, increases are projected over Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) scenarios. These findings contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in the IGAD region, as well as decision-making, food security, and the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. We encourage rain-fed agriculture, crop variety planning, and irrigation supplement.

Dry spells and probability of rainfall occurrence over Tanzania, East Africa

“…Furthermore, dry spells above 11 and 14 days have economic impacts on Tanzanians across the entire country by depriving them of food and water, dry spells they are a devastating natural disaster causing deaths for livestock and affecting food security and increase poverty and much of the damage is done to agriculture which bears up to 80 percent the economic cost of drought in developing country 75 . Climate change is already intensifying dry spells and increasing their frequency across East Africa 11 . The traditional response of climate change which cause the dry spells occurrence is not enough to meet sustainable development goals, the response to a proactive approach that reduces impact build resilience and allow farmers to cope with dry spells and allow food production to continue.…”

“…In East Africa, including countries such as Tanzania, projections of dry spells indicate a complex and varied future in uenced by multiple factors such as climate change, natural climate oscillations, and regional geography 10 . While it is challenging to precisely predict the timing and intensity of future dry spells, a synthesis of climate models and observational data provides valuable insight into potential patterns and trends 11,12 . Climate change is expected to impact rainfall patterns in East Africa 2 , potentially leading to more frequent and severe dry spells in some regions.…”