Observed Characteristics of the Tornadic Supercells of 27–28 April 2011 in the Southeast United States

Abstract

A historic outbreak of tornadoes impacted a large swath of the eastern United States on 26-28 April 2011. The most severe series of tornadoes was associated with numerous classic supercell thunderstorms that developed across the Southeast during the afternoon and evening of 27 April and continued into the predawn of 28 April. This study documents characteristics of these storms with respect to tornado production and mesocyclone strength during different periods of each storm’s lifecycle. The supercells initiated in four quasi-distinct spatiotemporal regions, with each cluster exhibiting slightly different evolutionary traits and tornado production. These included differences in the mean times between convection initiation and the time of first tornadogenesis for each supercell, as well as variations in overall and significant tornado production. This suggests that mesoscale environmental differences, such as proximity to a mesoscale boundary, and/or storm-scale events strongly influenced the variety of supercell evolutionary paths that were observed during this event, even in the presence of a synoptic-scale background environment extremely favorable for supercell and tornado production. The azimuthal shear products from the Multi-Year Reanalysis of Remotely Sensed Storms database perform well in discriminating between mesocyclones associated with ongoing weak, strong, and violent tornadoes during the event. Furthermore, mean azimuthal shear values during pretornadic (e.g., within 30 min of tornadogenesis) and tornadic phases are significantly larger than those during nontornadic phases. This warrants further study of azimuthal shear characteristics in different environments and its potential usefulness in aiding real-time forecasting efforts.

TGFs, Gamma‐Ray Glows, and Direct Lightning Strike Radiation Observed During a Single Flight of a Balloon‐Borne Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer

“…The Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) was shown to be 0.48 km AGL and the Surface‐Based Convective Available Potential Energy (SBCAPE) was shown to be 1256 J/Kg. The combination of low LCL and high SBCAPE has been shown to greatly enhance the formation of storm structures (Brown & Nowotarski, 2019; Davies, 2006), particularly in the southeast region (Lyza et al., 2022).…”

“…For the launch site, north of Baldwin, Mississippi, USA, at coordinates 34.565 N, 88.630 W, thunderstorm development was forecasted to be favorable. The Storm Prediction Center of the National Weather Service issued (Brown & Nowotarski, 2019;Davies, 2006), particularly in the southeast region (Lyza et al, 2022).…”