Observing Patterns of River Usage

Peden, Amy E.; Franklin, Richard C.; Leggat, Peter A.; Lindsay, Daniel

doi:10.3390/safety5040066

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Sindall et al 44 believes that climate change is a contributor to the global burden of drowning. For example, higher temperatures would cause people to spend more time in water,45 46 and droughts would lead to increased exposure to more dangerous water sources 44. Further research is needed to consider the impact of climate change on drowning risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in global burden of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019 and its association with social determinants of health: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Tan

Lin

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveTo systematically analyse global, regional and national burden change of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019, and to further quantify the contribution of social determinants of health (SDH) on the change.DesignData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 were used in this study.Setting and participantsIndividuals of all ages and genders from 204 countries and territories.Main outcome measuresThe main outcomes were the age-standardised rates (ASRs) of mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of unintentional drowning. The percentage change in the ASRs were used to estimate the joint effect of SDH on trends in global burden of drowning.ResultsWe observed that the global burden of unintentional drowning declined markedly from 1990 to 2019, with age-standardised mortality rate and DALYs rate decreasing by 61.5% and 68.2%, respectively. Women, children, middle Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) countries, South-East Asia and Western Pacific region had higher reduction. At national level, greater reductions were observed in Armenia and Republic of Korea, but significant increases in Cabo Verde and Vanuatu. We found that every one percentile increase in six SDHs (Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person, SDI, educational attainment, health spending, health workers and urbanisation) was associated with a decrease of 0.15% and 0.16% in drowning age-standardised mortality rate and DALYs rate globally, respectively. Health spending and GDP per capita were the main contributors to the reduction of drowning globally.ConclusionsThe global burden of unintentional drowning significantly declined in the past three decades, and the improvement of SDHs such as GDP per capita and health spending mainly contributed to the decrease. Our findings indicate that improvement of SDHs is critical for drowning prevention and control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in global burden of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019 and its association with social determinants of health: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Tan

Lin

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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“…Among all injury types, drowning was the injury type most affected by increased temperatures. Warmer temperatures lead people to spend longer in the water,7 and evidence from Australia highlights increased alcohol consumption on days with hotter temperatures 19. Extreme heat events increased from 130 events between 1980 and 1999 to 432 between 2000 and 2019,20 with a concerning predominance outside the summer season 21.…”

Section: Critical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vast majority of drowning incidents occur in natural water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, ponds and oceans) in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). 3 Varying climatic and environmental conditions, such as increasing temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns, can influence exposure to and behaviour around aquatic locations [6][7][8][9][10] and increase drowning risk among already vulnerable communities. 11 12 Despite global efforts to secure commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C, 13 there is growing recognition that climate change is already the greatest risk facing human health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drowning risk and climate change: a state-of-the-art review

et al. 2022

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Drowning and climate change are both significant global health threats, yet little research links climate change to drowning risk. Research into the epidemiology, risk factors and preventive strategies for unintentional drowning in high-income and in low-income and middle-income countries has expanded understanding, but understanding of disaster and extreme weather-related drowning needs research focus. As nation states and researchers call for action on climate change, its impact on drowning has been largely ignored. This state-of-the-art review considers existing literature on climate change as a contributor to changes in drowning risks globally. Using selected climate change-related risks identified by the World Meteorological Organization and key risks to the Sustainable Development Goals as a framework, we consider the drowning risks associated with heat waves, hydrometeorological hazards, drought and water scarcity, damaged infrastructure, marine ecosystem collapse, displacement, and rising poverty and inequality. Although the degree of atmospheric warming remains uncertain, the impact of climate change on drowning risk is already taking place and can no longer be ignored. Greater evidence characterising the links between drowning and climate change across both high-income and low-income and middle-income contexts is required, and the implementation and evaluation of drowning interventions must reflect climate change risks at a local level, accounting for both geographical variation and the consequences of inequality. Furthermore, collaboration between the injury prevention, disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation sectors is crucial to both prevent climate change from stalling progress on preventing drowning and further advocate for climate change mitigation as a drowning risk reduction mechanism.

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“…Many factors impact on drowning risk including who visits a location, how often they visit, how long they stay, which activities are undertaken, and which safety behaviours are observed [22][23][24]26]. Visitation and activity participation are also influenced by temporal and environmental factors such as time of day, day of week, season and weather.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visitation and activity participation are also influenced by temporal and environmental factors such as time of day, day of week, season and weather. Although various methods have been previously used, including direct observation [23,26] and survey data [19,22,24], capturing data on the exposure to drowning risk is difficult, time consuming and expensive. The methods presented here will detail the development of a valuable database that will enable a more accurate estimation of exposure and risk to guide preventative efforts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding a population: A methodology for a population-based coastal safety survey

et al. 2021

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Drowning is a global public health problem, but accurately estimating drowning risk remains a challenge. Coastal drowning comprises a significant proportion of the drowning burden in Australia and is influenced by a range of behavioural factors (e.g. risk perception, knowledge, attitudes and behaviours) that are poorly understood. These factors, along with those that impact exposure (e.g. coastal visitation and activity participation) all impact on drowning risk. While excellent mortality and morbidity data exists in Australia, a lack of coastal participation data presents challenges to identifying high-risk groups or activities and prioritising prevention efforts. This methods paper describes the development and evolution of an ongoing, annual, nationally representative online survey as an effective tool used to capture valuable data about the Australian population’s relationship with the coast. This paper explores how the survey is structured (12–14 sections spanning multiple topics and themes), the different question types used (including open text, 4-digit responses and categorical questions), the sample size (1400–1600 respondents), sampling strategy (using demographic quota sampling which can then be post-weighted to the population if required) and how topics and themes have changed over time to enhance the quality of data collected (i.e., wording changes to enhance participant comprehension or data usability and changing issue-specific ‘feature’ topics of interest such as campaign evaluation). How the survey is implemented online is described, both practically through to third-party recruitment processes and ethically to maximise anonymity of respondents and ensure data quality. Interim analyses indicate the impact of considering exposure when calculating fatal drowning rates, especially by activity (e.g., crude boating drowning rate 0.12 per 100,000 population vs 0.95 per 100,000 exposed population [relative risk = 8.01; 95% confidence interval: 4.55–14.10]). This study highlights lessons learned in the process of conducting a nationally representative coastal participation survey as well as the strengths and limitations of adopting this approach. Data collected will provide more detailed information on the skills, behaviours, knowledge and attitudes of coastal activity participants. Analyses of this unique dataset will inform research that will underpin development and evaluation of coastal drowning prevention initiatives prioritising those most at risk. It is hoped that the methods detailed within this study may be useful for other countries to develop similar approaches to understanding their own population.

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Observing Patterns of River Usage

Cited by 3 publications

References 30 publications

Change in global burden of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019 and its association with social determinants of health: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Change in global burden of unintentional drowning from 1990 to 2019 and its association with social determinants of health: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Drowning risk and climate change: a state-of-the-art review

Understanding a population: A methodology for a population-based coastal safety survey

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