Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Critical Review of the New Diagnostic Class

Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Jacoby, Ryan J.

doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153713

Cited by 154 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a multidimensional psychiatric disorder that is characterised by intrusive and persistent thoughts or ideas (obsessions) and/or ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) that are often expressed in an attempt to mitigate the level of distress caused by the obsessive thoughts (Abramowitz & Jacoby, ; APA, ; Wu & Lewin, ). The condition is phenotypically heterogeneous and symptoms usually cluster along the basis of specific themes, for example fears of contamination and cleaning rituals, fears of harm and checking compulsions, a need for symmetry and just‐right feelings associated with ordering compulsions, as well as covert inappropriate thoughts relating to, among others sexual misconduct, religion and violence (Abramovitch & Cooperman, ; Williams, Mugno, Franklin, & Faber, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural compulsive‐like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition

Scheepers

Cryan

Bastiaanssen

et al. 2019

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness that significantly impacts affected patients and available treatments yield suboptimal therapeutic response. Recently, the role of the gut–brain axis (GBA) in psychiatric illness has emerged as a potential target for therapeutic exploration. However, studies concerning the role of the GBA in OCD are limited. To investigate whether a naturally occurring obsessive–compulsive‐like phenotype in a rodent model, that is large nest building in deer mice, is associated with perturbations in the gut microbiome, we investigated and characterised the gut microbiota in specific‐pathogen‐free bred and housed large (LNB) and normal (NNB) nest‐building deer mice of both sexes (n = 11 per group, including three males and eight females). Following baseline characterisation of nest‐building behaviour, a single faecal sample was collected from each animal and the gut microbiota analysed. Our results reveal the overall microbial composition of LNB animals to be distinctly different compared to controls (PERMANOVA p < .05). While no genera were found to be significantly differentially abundant after correcting for multiple comparisons, the normal phenotype showed a higher loading of Prevotella and Anaeroplasma, while the OC phenotype demonstrated a higher loading of Desulfovermiculus, Aestuariispira, Peptococcus and Holdemanella (cut‐off threshold for loading at 0.2 in either the first or second component of the PCA). These findings not only provide proof‐of‐concept for continued investigation of the GBA in OCD, but also highlight a potential underlying aetiological association between alterations in the gut microbiota and the natural development of obsessive–compulsive‐like behaviours.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural compulsive‐like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition

Scheepers

Cryan

Bastiaanssen

et al. 2019

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a wide array of brain changes, including altered neurotransmitter systems, anatomy, and functional organization, correlating with deficits in cognition, emotion, and behavior . Patients suffering from OCD are unable to shift their attention from internally generated intrusive thoughts, which they perceive as their own and real .…”

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confidence: 99%

Altered resting‐state functional organization within the central executive network in obsessive–compulsive disorder

Chen

Meng

Hu³

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Aim: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with deficits in response inhibition and planning, which are governed by the central executive network. The objective of this study was to investigate both intra-and inter-regional restingstate connectivity within the central executive network in OCD.Methods: Thirty OCD patients and 30 matched healthy controls were scanned using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The independent component analysis was used on a separate sample of healthy controls to generate the central executive network mask for the subsequent OCD analyses. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and seedbased functional connectivity analyses were used to explore the differences between intra-and interregional synchronized activity within the central executive network in OCD patients at rest.Results: Increased ReHo and functional connectivity in the key regions of the central executive network, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the angular gyrus, were found in OCD patients. Furthermore, changes in both the ReHo within the orbitofrontal cortex and the functional connectivity between the orbitofrontal cortex and angular gyrus were negatively correlated with OCD duration. Conclusion:The increased resting-state functional organization within the central executive network may be related to OCD patients' deficits in cognitive control and symptom progression.

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“…Compulsivity theory holds that although repetitive behaviors may be accompanied by other symptoms, such as anxiety or depression, a compulsive urge, together with an inability to modify the course of behavior, is the defining feature of OCD and other compulsive disorders. While the traditional learning model of OCD views compulsions as goal-directed behaviors that are performed to reduce anxiety associated with intrusive thoughts [22], a recently proposed habit-based conceptualization of compulsivity theory puts forward a different view on the relationship between obsessions, compulsions and anxiety in OCD [23]. Thus, compulsions are best conceptualized as automatic, inflexible habits that have overrun and replaced an individual's more adaptive goal-oriented problem-solving behaviors [23].…”

Section: Compulsivity As a Core Symptom Of Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, three years after the publication of DSM-5, many OCD clinicians and researchers still argue that the removal of OCD from the category of anxiety disorders and the creation of a new category of obsessive-compulsive related disorders was arbitrary and not sufficiently supported by evidence [22]. The most contentious issue in this nosological controversy still centers on the question of whether OCD is better conceptualized as an anxiety disorder or as a compulsive disorder.…”

Section: The New Category -Ocrdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From anxiety to compulsivity – a review of changes to OCD classification in DSM-5 and ICD-11

Krzanowska¹,

Kuleta²

2017

Arch Psych Psych

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SummaryObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). It has become a flagship disorder of the new category of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs) -a group of five disorders linked together by the core symptom of repetitive thoughts and behaviors and phenomenological and neurobiological similarity to OCD. Body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and skin picking disorder are the other disorders included in this group. In the upcoming eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, the World Health Organization (WHO) is planning to introduce similar changes to its own classification of OCD, further recommending the inclusion of olfactory reference disorder and hypochondriasis, in addition to the disorders listed in the DSM-5. In this article, we will review the classifications of OCD and OCDRs in the DSM-5 and the upcoming ICD-11, as well as describe the rationale and research leading to the creation of this new class of disorders.

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Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Critical Review of the New Diagnostic Class

Cited by 154 publications

References 86 publications

Natural compulsive‐like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition

Natural compulsive‐like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition

Altered resting‐state functional organization within the central executive network in obsessive–compulsive disorder

From anxiety to compulsivity – a review of changes to OCD classification in DSM-5 and ICD-11

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