“…Hybrid methods include a combination of multiple ML or DL methods used in CV techniques. There are many intelligent transportation applications for this approach, such as license plate recognition [ 85 , 100 , 101 ], video anomaly detection [ 68 , 89 , 92 , 102 ], automatic license plate recognition [ 25 , 103 ], vehicle detection [ 11 , 12 , 53 , 55 ], pedestrian detection [ 58 , 104 ], lane line detection [ 63 , 105 ], obstacle detection [ 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ], structural damage detection [ 111 , 112 , 113 ], and autonomous vehicle applications [ 13 , 114 , 115 ].…”