Obstacle to Peace? Ethnic Geography and Effectiveness of Peacekeeping

Salvatore, Jessica Di

doi:10.1017/s0007123418000200

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Their study focuses on the local variation in eastern DRC with regards to the presence (as well as the number and type) of peacekeepers and the occurrence of political violence in the form of fighting and violence against civilians as coded by the EDACS (Chojnacki et al 2012). Although this finding contradicts the work by Costalli (2014), who concludes that UN troops failed to effectively reduce violence during the Bosnian war, it is largely in line with other recent studies of the local effects of peacekeeping (Cil et al 2019;Di Salvatore 2018;Fjelde et al 2019;Phayal 2019;Phayal and Prins 2019;Ruggeri et al 2017). While these have variying ideas about when and how peacekeeping works at the local level, most recent studies have identified a violence-reducing effect of UN peacekeeping.…”

Section: What Do We Know By Now?mentioning

confidence: 52%

“What Do We Really Know about Local Peacekeeping Effects?”

Hultman

Tidblad-Lundholm

2019

Z Friedens und Konflforsch

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The article "Violence reduction or relocation? Effects of United Nations troops presence on local levels of violence" by Laura Peitz and Gregor Reisch is one of several recent articles that explore the local effects of peacekeeping deployments. We provide an overview of accumulated knowledge and conflicting findings, and identify a few remaining gaps in the literature. The finding that more peacekeepers are better at reducing violence has been replicated by several studies, although a few studies have identified conditional effects. Taken together, studies find that peacekeepers can reduce both violence between armed actors and violence against civilians. While Peitz and Reisch do not make a distinction between different perpetrators, previous work suggest that peacekeepers are better at reducing violence against civilians by non-state actors. Peitz and Reisch are thus far one of the few studies that explores the impact of the type of peacekeepers-although the findings are ambiguous. Lastly, there is a tension in the literature between Peitz and Reisch, who claim that peacekeepers diffuse violence to nearby location, and other studies that find no such relocation effect, or even the opposite. Future work should continue to explore the local effects of peacekeeping, directing attention to questions about types of peacekeepers, local conditions as enabling factors, the role of military capabilities (as opposed to capacity), and actions taken on the ground.

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Section: What Do We Know By Now?mentioning

confidence: 52%

“What Do We Really Know about Local Peacekeeping Effects?”

Hultman

Tidblad-Lundholm

2019

Z Friedens und Konflforsch

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“…Di Salvatore (2018) confirms that UN troops reduce civilian deaths. However, she finds that peacekeepers become less effective as the power asymmetries between armed ethnic groups grow.…”

Section: Reducing Civilian and Combatant Killing In Civil Warmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Do peacekeepers protect by reducing violence against civilians and combatants in the midst of war? To date, more than a dozen quantitative studies have examined the effect of peacekeeping and outside interventions in protecting civilians, and the answer is yes (Costalli 2013;Carnegie and Mikulaschek 2018;Di Salvatore 2018;Fjelde, Hultman and Nilsson 2018;Hultman, Kathman and Shannon 2013;Kathman and Wood 2011;Kathman and Wood 2016;Bove and Ruggeri 2016;Kirschner & Miller 2019;Melander 2009;Phayal 2019;Phayal and Prins 2019). 3 These studies examine somewhat distinct sets of cases and time periods, and measure key variables slightly differently.…”

Section: Reducing Civilian and Combatant Killing In Civil Warmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Extraordinary Relationship between Peacekeeping and Peace

Walter

Howard

Fortna

2020

Brit. J. Polit. Sci.

100

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Numerous empirical studies have examined the role of third-party peacekeeping in reducing violence around the world. Their results reveal an extraordinary relationship between peacekeepers and peace, notwithstanding a number of well-known problems. This review article has three goals. The first is to summarize the results of past empirical research to move the debate beyond the question of whether peacekeeping works to the more pressing questions of how, when and why it works. The second is to reveal the limitations of the current quantitative research in order to identify areas in which scholars can make big, new contributions to the field. The final goal is to propose a new research agenda that is heavily evaluative – one that informs policy makers about the specific practices, mission compositions, and mandates that work, and identifies the local, regional, and international conditions that amplify or diminish peacekeeping's effectiveness. This type of research could help reduce the costs of peacekeeping operations, eliminate some of the negative consequences of interventions and save even more lives.

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“…While we expect UN PKOs to affect rebels' choice of terrorism in civil wars (as others have also shown, see Hansen et al, 2020), we reiterate the need to consider which factors enable rebels' adaptation. PKOs are not deployed in a vacuum; their effect on belligerents' behaviour is influenced by pre-existing local conditions and by the specific responses of the warring parties to changes brought about by the PKO (Di Salvatore, 2018). Against this background, we develop a theory of rebel groups' heterogeneous responses to PKOs and show how this induces some rebels to escalate terrorist violence.…”

Section: Changes In Strategic Environment and Bargaining Power: When ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? Repertoires of rebel violence and third-party interventions

Salvatore

Polo

Ruggeri

2022

European Journal of International Relations

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Recent research suggests that UN peacekeeping operations (PKOs) reduce conventional violence. However, rebel groups have been increasingly using a combination of conventional and non-conventional violence, for example, terrorism. Little is known about whether and under which conditions PKOs shape rebels’ incentives to resort to more terrorism. At the same time, existing research on the use of terrorism in civil wars primarily focuses on domestic factors, thus overlooking the impact of external shocks such as the deployment of PKOs. We argue that PKOs can have critical unintended consequences inducing tactical adaptation in rebel violence as they alter the government-rebels balance of power. Particularly, rebel groups that are militarily strong prior to the UN arrival are incentivized to escalate terrorist violence to overcome the physical barrier imposed by PKO forces and improve their bargaining position vis-à-vis the government. Weaker groups, which in the absence of PKOs are more likely to use terrorism, have not only limited capacity but also fewer incentives to escalate terrorism when PKOs deploy. Leveraging new disaggregated data on rebel terrorist attacks during civil wars, we provide the first global actor-level analysis of the relationship between PKO deployments and changes in rebels’ tactical preferences for terrorist violence. We find that, conditional on initial government-rebels power relations, PKOs can make terrorism the weapon of the strong. Our study sheds light on the unintended effects of peacekeeping, the causes of terrorism, and offers important policy implications for several current PKOs deployed in the midst of violence.

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Obstacle to Peace? Ethnic Geography and Effectiveness of Peacekeeping

Cited by 16 publications

References 64 publications

“What Do We Really Know about Local Peacekeeping Effects?”

“What Do We Really Know about Local Peacekeeping Effects?”

The Extraordinary Relationship between Peacekeeping and Peace

Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? Repertoires of rebel violence and third-party interventions

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